Robinhood46 wrote: ↑Sat Nov 06, 2021 9:28 pmAnyone with more brain cells than teeth, involved in Bessler's demonstrations at the time , knew damn well that his wheel would not rotate until the end of eternity. Some of the people involved had more brain cells than all the players on a football field, including the referee and the linesmen. The question of will it turn forever or will it not turn forever, wasn't even considered. The answer was, and still is, obvious, it will not.
Bessler's wheel is considered, or questioned, as perpetual motion, because it was powered by it's own steam. It needed no addition of any kind to continue rotating.
Over unity is also valid when speaking of his wheel. You put 0 (zero) in, and get more than 0 out.
These only apply if we focalise at the scale of the wheel. At the scale of the universe, the wheel doesn't run on it's own steam, because gravity is powering it, which is external to the wheel. There isn't over unity either, because the energy coming out of the wheel is equal, or less than, the energy going in from gravity. You can't get the wheel to give out any more energy than gravity is putting in it, no over unity.
Perpetual motion is the motion of bodies that continues forever in an unperturbed system. A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that can do work infinitely without an external energy source. This kind of machine is impossible, as it would violate either the first or second law of thermodynamics or both.[2][3][4][5]
Robert Fludd's 1618 "water screw" perpetual motion machine from a 1660 wood engraving. It is widely credited as the first attempt to describe such a device -here to driving millstones.[note 1][1]
File:Something for nothing (1940).ogvPlay media
Something for Nothing (1940), a short film featuring Rube Goldberg illustrating the U.S. Patent Office's policy regarding perpetual motion machines (and the power efficiency of gasoline)
These laws of thermodynamics apply regardless of the size of the system. For example, the motions and rotations of celestial bodies such as planets may appear perpetual, but are actually subject to many processes that slowly dissipate their kinetic energy, such as solar wind, interstellar medium resistance, gravitational radiation and thermal radiation, so they will not keep moving forever.[6][7]
Definitions change over time, brain cells be damned.