300 Clues on the 300th Anniversary

[rocky]

Today, June 6th 2012, is the 300th anniversary of the first public exhibition of Bessler's Gravity Engine invention at Gera, Germany in 1712. So here are 300+ clues. They are arranged by Keywords. Remember that there are two schools of thought here on the forum. John Collins hired Mike Senior to do an interpretive translation of Bessler’s old German, not a literal translation. I like having both versions. We need all the clues we can get. Anything not in quotes is my opinion.

300 CLUES BY KEYWORDS

Adjective/Adverbs
Adjectives Weight
AP Wheel Drawing
AP Wheel and DT Portrait
Axle
Began to Fall/Trigger
Cause of Movement
Centre/Center
Contradictions
Covering of Wheel
Cross-bar
Description
Descending Side
Different Designs
DT Base Portrait Items
DT Overlay Portrait Items
DT Superinposed Portraits Items
Essence/Form/Material
Excess
Free Movement/Access Hole
Giving
Groups of Three
Impact Rim
Impetus
Important Point
Interchange/Flip-Flop
Little Book Metaphors
Long Lever
Move Slowly - AP 295 Little Book Quotes
Move Up Slowly
Move Quickly - AP 295 Little Book Quotes
Move Up Quickly/Trigger
MT Three CCW Drawings
MT Letter ‘A’
MT Text Clues
None Better
Not a Fraud
Pairs
Parts of the Machine
Power
Prime Mover
Principles
Pulleys/Pulls
Quantity
Repeated Clue
Self-Starting
Simple
Size
Sounds
Speed
Spring
Storkbill
Swing
Toy Page
Upper Weight
Weight


Adjective/Adverbs
Descriptive adjectives and adverbs are themselves clues giving more details about Bessler’s machine. Seeing their dictionary definition of synonyms helps us associate other clues. For example, there are eight quotes about his machine being simple, but having modifiers tells us just how simple it was:

“His Highness was quoted as saying it was so simple and easy to construct that he was amazed that no one had managed to invent a similar machine before Herr Orffyreus.� PM 137 Jean Bernoulli letter to Willem ‘sGravesande
“His Highness, who had seen the inside of it, said the machine was very simple.� PM 97 ‘sGravesande’s letter to Sir Isaac Newton
“My invention is not fanciful. You'll see that there isn't much artistry to it." AP 286/309

simple (adj.) having few parts; not complicated; easy to understand
easy (adj.) that can be done with ease; not difficult
so (adv.) very or extremely; used as a descriptive qualifier before an adjective
very (adv.) extremely; exceedingly
fanciful (adj.) elaborate, intricate and difficult
artistry (n.) Showing imagination and skill

1. “Is there such a thing in nature as perpetual motion, or a perpetuum mobile? And whether it may be possible for human hands to introduce into material bodies, in themselves lifeless, a permanent innate motive force, a constant interchange of rise and fall, of excess and deficient weight, resulting, as it were, in a living machine. Imagine how a heavy material body, in defiance of its innate natural tendency to gravitate towards the center of the earth, could be induced to rise once more.� GB 52

innate (adj.) possessed as an essential characteristic; inherent; belonging to the essential nature of something
motive (adj.) to cause motion
excess (adj.) more than is usual or required; extra; surplus
deficient (adj.) less than is usual or required; inadequated in amount
interchange (v.) to change places with each other, to put (each of two things) in the other’s place, to alternate
induced (v.) to bring an effect in a body by the influence of a force
rise (v.) to go to a higher place or position, ascend
fall (v.) to go to a lower place or position, descend
gravitate (v.) to move or tend to move in accordance with the force of gravity; to fall or sink down

2. “My 'principle of excess weight’, these weights are themselves the PM device, the 'essential constituent parts' which must of necessity continue to exercise their motive force so long as they keep away from the centre of gravity.� DT 190 John Collins/Mike Senior translation of DT pp. 20-21
3. “As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it incessantly exercises universal motion from which the essential constituent parts of the machine receive power and push.� DT 20 Al Bacon (Glenn R. Rouse)/Ted of Chicago (Andrew Witter)
upper (adj.) in a place above another
incessantly (adj.) never ceasing, continuing or being repeated without stopping or in a way that seems endless
essential (adj.) absolutely necessary; requisite
constituent (adj.) necessary in forming or making up a whole
4. “The figure shows the superior weight.� MT 15
superior (adj.) higher in space; placed higher up; located above; upper
5. “Alternately gravitating to the centre and climbing back up again." AP 291
alternately (adj.) occurring by turns; succeeding each other; one and then the other; to exchange places
6. “I would have to ensure that the main parts are made of the best iron, steel and brass.� AP 297
7. “The main mechanisms, if built properly, should remain serviceable for many years.� AP 297
main (adj.) the most important; principal part on which subsidiaries or branches depend
8. “Nothing of the prime mover's source can be seen.� MT 15
prime (adj.) first in importance or value; principle part; main
9. ““All the inmost parts, and the perpetual-motion structures, retain the power of free movement.� AP 291
inmost (adj.) located farthest within; most intimate or secret; innermost
perpetual (adj.) continuing indefinitely without interruption; eternal; permanent
structure (n.) something built or constructed, the arrangement of all the parts of a whole
free (adj.) able to move; not held; not kept from motion; loose; separate
10. “A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead.� AP 291
many (adj.) a large number of things
separate (adj.) set apart from the rest; not connected with others; having individual form or function
11. “He had taken an amount of weight out of the wheel which could have filled a considerable box.� FE Christian Wagner Critique
considerable (adj.) large in amount
12. “The causative principle of the movement, its ponderous impetus.� GB 56
causative (adj.) causing an effect; causing; ie: “fell� is a causative verb meaning “to cause to fall�
ponderous (adj) very heavy; unwieldy because of weight; that seems heavy; bulky; massive
impetus (noun) the force that starts motion in a mass; anything that stimulates activity; driving force or motive force
13. “A dynamic device such as mine.� AP 290
dynamic (adj.) vigorous, forceful motion
14. �A surreptitious shove would knock it out of balance and bring it grinding to a halt." AP 293
surrepititious (adj.) done in a secret, stealthy way
15. “Nothing is to be accomplished with his thing unless one acts out of my connectedness principle.� MT 9
connectedness (adj.) joined, linked or fastened together; united

Adjectives Weight
1. “A constant interchange of rise and fall of excess and deficient weight� GB 52
2. “Noise caused by the movement of its internal weights.� GB 56
3. “Motive force from the noisy weights.� AP 339
4. “'Lightly' cause a heavy weight to fly upwards!� AP 291
5. “I don't want to go into the details here of how suddenly the ‘excess’ weight is caused to rise." AP 343
6. “It must, simply put, just revolve through the principle of 'excess weight', as I describe in Part 1.� AP 348
7. “All the wise ones were looking for the same principle (of excess weight) that I have described." AP 351
8. “As the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, the parts of the machine receive power and push.� DT 20 Rouse/Witter
9. “For this concept, my 'principle of excess weight’, these weights are themselves the PM device.� DT 190
10. “The figure shows the superior weight� MT 15
11. “The wheel-weights rise up and go around a curved groove.� MT 23
12. “The upper weights are raised up and outward and by means of other cords the lower weights are raised upward and inward.� MT 34
13. “At every turn of the wheel can be heard the sound of about eight weights, which fall on the side towards which the wheel turns.� PM 95
14. “The inward structure is so arranged that by disposed weights once in rotation they gain force from their own swinging." PV 103

AP Wheel Drawing
If AP page 239 is a cut-away drawing of the side of Bessler’s wheel, then the axle diameter is probable 6 inches. Bessler published AP in 1716 and all previously exhibited wheels (Merseburg in 1715, Draschwitz in 1713, Gera in 1712) had witnesses say the axle was 6 inches.The Kassel wheel was exhibited in 1717 and had an 8 inch axle. If this AP wheel drawing is to scale, then using 6 inches for the axle diameter, this drawing’s wheel diameter is 5.5 ft. But this is smaller than the Draschwitz wheel of 9.3 ft and larger than the Gera wheel of 4.6 ft. However, this may be for one of his unexhibited wheels because researcher John Collins wrote: “History only records the existence of four wheels - the Gera, Draschwitz, Merseburg and Kassel ones. However I have discovered evidence of three more making a total of seven.�
Feb 3rd, 1729 Professor Jean-Pierre de Crousaz (tutor to Karl’s grandson) letter to Professor ‘sGravesande:
“It is true that there is a machine at his house, to which they give the name perpetual motion; but that cannot be transported, it is much
smaller, and it differs from the first, in that it only turns one way.� - PM 147

Drawing Details From Center To Rim
● White center dot – Bearing regulator bolt
● Black center disk – Wood axle
● 1st White ring from center
● 1st Black ring from center
● 2nd White ring from center with three black gaps where apex of white cone segments touch
● 2nd White ring at apex of left cone at 10 o’clock has white dot pivot point of lever swinging 27° in white segment
● Three 27° white cone segments from 2nd white ring to 2nd black ring near rim, 3 x 27° = 81°
It is 27° because 3° is taken up by the impact board at the rim.
● Three 93° black areas between white segments, 3 x 93° = 279°, 81° + 279° = 360°
● Each white segment has a black channel on both sides formed by aligned white dots in large black area
● All white dots in black area appear random except for those forming channels by the white segments
● 2nd Black ring at wide bottom of cone segments
● 3rd White ring at inside of rim
● 3rd Black ring at outside rim

AP Wheel and DT Portrait
The AP page 239 Wheel drawing and DT page 4 Portrait Drawing have the same angles.
● The 3 AP drawing white segments and the 3 DT portrait table items all share 27° angles
● The Vase is leaning 27° from the vertical
● The Skull is lifted 27° from the horizontal
● The Book is lifted 27° from the horizontal
● The MT138 Toy Page Woodcutter axes are at 27° angles. The metal axe head is weight hitting anvil (rim impact board).
● “Long, connected and weighted levers. One may gather much from this one.â€� MT36
● “One could hear the weights landing on the overbalanced side, as though they were swinging, from which one can assume that the overbalancing was caused by their impact.â€� PM 114 – Christian Wolff letter to Schumacher
● “During rotation, one can clearly hear the weights hitting against the wooden boards. I was able to observe these boards through a slit. They are slightly warped.â€� - PM 70 Christian Wolff letter to Leibniz (boards warped from impact of weights)
● “The principle is not to be scorned or disregarded, for it tells more than shows.â€� MT18
● “An anvil receives many blowsâ€� AP 295

Axle
1. "By making the true claim - that no weights hang from the axle of my wheel." AP 278 [ no clockwork weights ]
2. “These [weights] come in pairs, such that, as one of them takes up an outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle.
Later, they swap places, and so they go on and on changing places all the time.� AP 291
3. "Anyone who wants can go on about the wonderful doings of these weights, alternately gravitating to the centre and climbing back
up again, for I can't put the matter more clearly." AP 291
4. “My axle is not like that. Rather it has many compartments and is pierced all over with various holes.� AP 326
5. "In a true Perpetuum Mobile everything must, necessarily, go round together. There can be nothing involved in it which remains
stationary on the axle." AP 347
6. “When they come to be placed together, and are so arranged one against another that they can never obtain equilibrium, one or
another of them must apply its weight at right angles to the axis, which in its turn must also move.� PMV 103 of DT 20

Began to Fall/Trigger
It is believed that the bi-directional wheels (Merseburg/Kassel) contained back-to-back uni-directional wheel (Gera/Drashwitz) mechanisms because they were twice as wide as the narrow self-starting wheels. The bi-directional wheels had to be gently pushed until a weight was heard to fall. This means they had to be manually rotated until a trigger mechansim caused a weight to fall.

How do you hear something “start to fall�? You hear the impact after the fall. The witnesses said a single weight began falling but we know the weights worked in pairs so as one fell, another raised. The start to fall was the scratching/clattering noise accompanied the falling/rising of the weights as the mechanism parts moved. (See Sounds)
1. “This pressure of two fingers was applied until the moment when a single one of the weights present inside the body of the device
began to fall.� GB 61
2. “He then set it in motion. He did this with little difficulty, moving it by hand until a single weight inside it was heard to being falling; it then
began to rotate of its own accord with such force that within a minute it had rotated 40 and more times, and could only be stopped by applying great effort. Given at Merseburg, 31st October 1715.� DT 237 Second Testimonial
3. “This pressure was applied until the moment when a single one of the weights present inside the body of the device began to fall. The machine then gradually began, of its own accord, to revolve faster and faster, soon acquiring a speedy and regular rate of rotation in which it persisted until it was stopped by the application of very considerable effort. Signed, Merseburg, 31st October 1715� DT 239 Third Testimonial
4. “The machine was started by a very light push with just two fingers and accelerated as soon as just one of the weights, hidden inside, began to fall. - PM 64 Merseburg 1st Test Certificate signed by 12 distinguished men including Professor Christian Wolff
5. “I suggest that the weights are attached by rods in such a way that when at rest on the lighter side of the wheel, they can be lifted,
but when they start to fall, after the wheel has turned, they deliver a force on impact, acquired during the fall, onto a piece of wood
which is fixed to the periphery.� PM 114 Christian Wolff letter [ like MT18 ]
6. “As soon as just one of the internal weights began to fall, the machine started to revolve with such strength that it turned forty or more times a minute, and it could only be stopped with great difficulty.� - PM 69 Merseburg 3rd Test Certificate signed by Johann Weise

Cause of Movement
1. “A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead.� AP 291
2. “My device runs according to “preponderance�, and turns everything else along with it. On one side it is heavy and full; on the other side empty and light, just as it should be. It must revolve through the principle of 'excess weight'.� AP 348
preponderance (n.) superiority in weight, force
3. “The causative principle of the movement, its ponderous impetus.� GB 56
causative (adj.) causing an effect; causing; ie: “fell� is a causative verb meaning “to cause to fall�
ponderous (adj.) very heavy; unwieldy because of weight; that seems heavy; bulky; massive
impetus (n.) a force that stimulates activity; driving force; impulse
4. “These weights are the essential parts as from them is received the movement which they exercise so long as they remain out of the
centre of gravity; and when they come to be placed together, and so arranged one against another that they can never obtain equilibrium,
one of them must apply its weight vertically to the axis, which must also move." PV 103 Henry Dirks/Goez and Beauchamp translation
1861 of DT 20
5. “These weights are themselves the PM device, the 'essential parts' which must continue to exercise their motive force so long as they
keep away from the centre of gravity. They are enclosed in a structure and coordinated in such a way that not only are they prevented
from attaining their desired equilibrium or ‘point of rest’, but they must for ever seek it.� DT190 John Collins/Mike Senior translation 2005
6. “As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it exercises motion from which the essential parts of the machine
receive power and push.� DT 20 Al Bacon of Michigan (Glenn R. Rouse)/Ted of Chicago (Andrew Witter) translation 1998
7. “The Merseburg machine clattering noise is a phenomenon caused directly by the real motive power of the machine. The Draschwitz
machine did not create a similar noise. The former [Draschwitz] was provided with felt coverings, the latter was bare." AP 339
8. “In a machine such as mine, the motive force, the ability to move itself and drive other objects makes up the form of the device.� DT 215

Centre/Center
Spelling found Centre/Center: GB 0/1, AP 4/0, DT 2/0, MT 5/6
1. “Imagine how a heavy material body, in defiance of its innate natural tendency to gravitate towards the center of the earth, could be
induced to rise once more.� GB 52
2. “Anyone who wants can go on about the wonderful doings of these weights, alternately gravitating to the centre and climbing back up again, for I can't put the matter more clearly." AP 291 [ gravitate to center of wheel or center of gravity? ]
3. “Many would-be Mobile-makers think that if they can arrange for some of the weights to be a little more distant from the center than the
others, then the thing will surely revolve. I learned about this the hard way that one has to learn through bitter experience.� AP 291
4. “These weights are the essential parts as from them is received the universal movement which they must exercise so long as they remain
out of the centre of gravity." PV 103 Henry Dirks/Goez and Beauchamp translation of DT pp. 20-21
5. “These weights are themselves the PM device, the 'essential constituent parts' which must of necessity continue to exercise their motive
force so long as they keep away from the centre of gravity.� DT 190 John Collins/Mike Senior translation
6. As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it incessantly exercises universal motion from which the essential
constituent parts of the machine receive power and push.� DT 20 Al Bacon (Glenn Rouse)/Ted of Chicago (Andrew Witter) translation
7. “The weights do not project so far out but lie closer to the center and do not swing out to the side so much and thereby cause the wheel
to shake a great deal.� MT 12
8. “The axle, which passes through the centre of the wheel, is 6 feet long and 8 inches in diameter.� DT 190
9. “The large levers, B, hang from the centre [axle]� MT 22
10. “A shows the machine in profile. B are the long levers to the two ends of which C, are attached two weights. By means of the cords D,
the upper weights E, are raised up and outward [toward the rim]; and by means of other cords F, the lower weights G, are raised upward
and inward toward the centre [axle].� - MT 34
11. “I examined well the axles of this wheel to see if there was any hidden artifice; but I was unable to see anything more than the two small axles on which the wheel was suspended by the centre.� - PV 110 Dirks translation Baron Joseph Fischer letter to Jean Desaguliers
12. “Through the centre of this wheel or drum runs an axle of about six inches diameter, terminated at both ends by iron bearings of about three-quarters of an inch diameter upon which the whole thing turns.� - PV 94 Dirks ‘sGravesande’s letter to Sir Isaac Newton (Kassel)

Contradictions
1a. “It revolves, but without other wheels inside or outside, and without weights, wind or springs.� AP 295
1b. “Springs and weights of the kind he describes are not to be found in my machine.� AP 346

2a. “If I were to sell my art one could run to craftsmen who in the space of 4 weeks could build what I can scarcely build in 6 months.� AP 297
2b. "Even a poor workman could put the thing together without a lot of head-scratching; and get it completed almost before you could notice."
AP 308

3a. “It is impossible to construct any new machine except by using a certain type of material.� DT 214
3b. “I have many other machines of various types – some with weights, others without." AP 339
3c. “I have many different kinds of machines all running on different principles. They can be moved by weights, balls, springs, internal gears,
internal water, oil, alcohol and wind.� PM 124

4a. “But the weights which rest below must, in a flash, be raised upwards,� AP 329 [ raised up quickly vs climb up slowly ]
4b. “The wonderful doings of these weights, alternately gravitating to the centre and climbing back up again." AP 291
climb (v.) to rise or ascend gradually to a higher point
Little Book in AP pg 295 has 12 move quick metaphors and 11 move slow metaphors.

5a. “But the weights which rest below must, in a flash, be raised upwards,� AP 329 [ many different weights vs one weight ]
5b. "A great craftsman would be that man who can 'lightly' cause a heavy weight to fly upwards!� AP 291
5c. "I don't want to go into the details here of how suddenly the excess weight is caused to rise." AP 343
5d. “This would be very good for running if something was up by D to always lift up the weight with lightning speed." MT13

6a. “A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead.� AP 291
separate (adj.) set apart from the rest; not connected with others; having individual form or function
6b. “These come in pairs, such that, as one of them takes up an outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle.� AP 291
pairs (n.) two similar things joined together; made up of two parts that are used together

7a. “A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead. These come in pairs, such that, as one of them takes up an
outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle.� AP 291
7b. "Many would-be Mobile-makers think that if they can arrange for some of the weights to be a little more distant from the center than the
others, then the thing will surely revolve. I learned all about this the hard way. One has to learn through bitter experience.� AP 291
some (adj.) a considerable, large amount
Here he says if ‘some’ weights are farther from the axle than others then it will not work. This contradicts his other statement. But fewer then ‘some’ would be one or a pair. So he implies that if just one weight (or pair) is more distant from the center then it will work. This has a supporting clue:
7c. “As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it exercises motion from which the parts of the machine receive power
and push.� DT 20 Glenn Rouse/Andrew Witter translation
The words ‘weight’ and ‘it’ are singular, not plural. He is saying that just one weight supplies the power of pushing rotation of the
wheel. This one weight might be reset to push again or another weight could take its place. There are eight clue sentences where
he says the machine rotates by excess weight – he never says excess weights.

Another opinion:
He says one weight is near the axle and its linked partner is farther from the axle in an outer position. So apparently there is another
pair to counterbalance the first pair. This is why the Toy page has two woodcutters, a pair of pairs. Bessler repeatedly (8 quotes)
says his wheel revolves by “excess� weight; also known as the overbalance or superior weight yet in MT15 he says the overbalance
or superior weight is not the prime mover. He is saying in MT that as drawn, you see an overbalanced condition, but you do not
have overunity, it will not continuously turn, because the prime mover is missing. The prime mover could be a shifting or lifting
mechanism that moves the excess weight pass the keel point causing overunity or perpetual movement.

8a. “An anvil receives many blows.� AP 295
8b. “The movement was accompanied by a loud noise caused by the internal mechanism.� - PM 64 Merseburg 1st Test Certificate
8c. "The weights gain force from their own swinging.� PV 103 Henry Dirks/Goez and Beauchamp translation 1861 of DT 20
8d. “A great craftsman can 'lightly' cause a heavy weight to fly upwards! " AP 291
8e. “He wags his tail, creeps through the hoop and is rewarded with a pat on his paws.� AP 295
pat (n.) a quick, gentle tap, touch or stroke
lightly (adv.) with little weight, pressure, or motion; gently

9a. “There can be nothing involved in it which remains stationary on the axle." AP 347
9b. “All the inmost parts, and the perpetual-motion structures, retain the power of free movement.� AP 291
9c. “No weights hang from the axle of my wheel." AP 278
9d. “Inside hanging from the roller [bearing on axle] is a figure having a crescent-shaped weight below.� MT 13
MT 13 is 1st of 3 special drawings to bring attention to it: CCW, only drawing with all part labels backwards, first with bent A.
9e. “If something went wrong with my machine, I'd mend it through a tiny hole, to prevent anyone seeing inside.� AP 288
9f. “They who inspected the Draschwitz wheel observed in the middle of the radius on one side, a hand-sized gap. Orffyreus said that this
opening was left so that whenever something came undone inside the wheel, he could fix it without having to remove the entire casing.
This just cannot be. If something breaks on the other side, which is several ells away and has no such service hole, how would Herr
Orffyreus be able to fix it through this tiny opening?� FE Critique by Christian Wagner 1715
There are two possible explanations:
1. The outside covering was not fixed to the inside mechanisms. There was a device to lock them together by the single access
hole. He would unlock the cover framework and rotate it to put the access hole by the problem, then relock outside frame.
2. There was an internal structure with free movement that would stay vertical and rotate on the axle. He could manually rotate
the outside casing moving it over the problem area to fix the problem.

Covering of Wheel
1. “The Draschwitz machine was a wheel provided with an arrangement of light boards to conceal the inner workings.� GB 55
2. “The Merseberg machine is covered with a green lacquered cladding to prevent people from looking inside.� GB 56
3. “The Draschwitz wheel was made up of 8 spokes and was empty near the circumference, as one could see through the various cracks
in the casing made of thin boards.� FE Critique by Christian Wagner 1716
4. “They who inspected the Draschwitz wheel observed almost in the middle of the radius on the one side a hand-sized gap formed by the
removal of a mere thin board.� FE Critique by Christian Wagner 1715
5. “The wheel currently set up in Merseburg, which is covered with linen cloth, has various openings that have been left around the axle
and are bandaged over with pinned-on strips.� FE Critique by Christian Wagner 1715
6. “The Kassel machine is a hollow wheel being very light as it consists of several cross pieces of wood framed together; the whole of which
is covered over with canvas, to prevent the inside from being seen.� - PMV2 94 Willem ‘sGravesande’s letter to Sir Isaac Newton
7. “It is a wheel which is twelve feet in diameter, covered with an oil-cloth.� PM 95 Fischer letter to Desaguliers of Kassel machine
8. “The diameter of this wheel was 12 feet, the frame of solid oak.� PMV 98 Kassel machine

Cross-bar
cross-bar (noun) a structural member that crosses other elements; two perpendular beams crossing at the axis; lazy tongs
1.a “If I arrange to have just one cross-bar in my machine, it revolves very slowly, just as if it can hardly turn itself at all, but, on the contrary, when I arrange several bars, pulleys and weights, the machine can revolve much faster." AP 340 Collins translation
1.b “Because if I make here already in a work so to speak only one cross, So will one see it quite slow, Barely turn itself around; However, if I prepared Many crosses, pulls and weights, So the work can move much faster� AP 340 Steward translation
2. "The internal cross-tensions with the weights are movable; therefore, when the weights raise up one another, the cross-tensions are pulled up with their weights at the same time. What is objectionable about this model, what to learn from it and how it can and may be used, will all be treated later." MT 14
3. “This figure has hanging levers which are internally applied to the cross-bars.� MT 21
4. “It is a hollow wheel being very light as it consists of several cross pieces of wood framed together.� PV 94

Description
“On one side it is heavy and full; on the other [side] empty and light, just as it should be.� AP 348
Three translations of the same clue paragraph of the Kassel bi-directional wheel that required a push start from the book
Das Triumphirende, 2nd edition, Johann Bessler, Kassel, 1719, pp. 20-21:
1: "The inward structure of the wheel is of a nature according to the laws of mechanical perpetual motion, so arranged that by disposed
weights once in rotation they gain force from their own swinging, and must continue their movement as long as their structure does not
lose its position and arrangement. Unlike all other automata, such as clocks, or springs, or other hanging weights which require winding
up or whose duration depends on the chain which attaches them, on the contrary these weights are the essential parts, and constitute
the perpetuum mobile itself; as from them is received the universal movement which they must exercise so long as they remain out of the
centre of gravity; and when they come to be placed together, and so arranged one against another that they can never obtain equilibrium,
or the punctum quietus which they unceasingly seek in their wonderous speedy flight, one or other of them must apply its weight
vertically to the axis, which in its turn must also move." PV 103 Henry Dirks/Goez and Beauchamp translation 1861

2. “Except for a small change in the external dimensions of the wheel for raising weights (or so-called "running wheel"), I have organized
everything together in accordance with those structures of the previous machine which I had broken to pieces. These small changes
occurred by chance and do not need to be defended.
Around the firmly placed horizontal axis is a rotating disc (low or narrow cylinder) which resembles a grindstone. This disc can be
called the principle piece of my machine. Accordingly, this wheel consists of an external wheel (or drum) for raising weights which is
covered with stretched linen. The base of the cylinder is 12 Rhenish feet in diameter. The height (or thickness) is 18 inches. The axle
(or shaft) passing through the center is 6 feet long and 8 inches thick cross-sectionally.
The internal structure of this drum (or wheel) consists of weights arranged according to several a priori, that is, scientifically
demonstrable, laws of mechanical perpetual motion. After the wheel completes a single rotation, or after a single force is applied to the
wheel, the motion drives the wheel unceasingly. As long as the wheel’s whole structure does not change, the wheel continues its
revolutions without any further assistance from external motive power. Other automatic machines, such as clockwork, springs, and
hoisting weights, necessarily require an external restoring force.
As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it incessantly exercises universal motion from which the essential
constituent parts of the machine receive power and push. These parts are enclosed in a case and are coordinated with one another so
that they not only never again reach an equilibrium (or point of rest) for themselves but incessantly seek with their admirably fast swing to
move and drive on the axis of their vortices loads that are vertically applied from the outside and are proportional to the size of the
housing.
The mechanical wheel not only bears the name of the long sought perpetual motion machine; it deserves to be named for such
motion. It uses one of the best known implements for mechanical power, namely, a true circular wheel which rotates about its central axis.� DT 20 Al Bacon (Glenn Rouse)/Ted of Chicago (Andrew Witter) translation 1998

3. “The internal structure of the wheel is designed in such a way that weights applied in accordance with the laws of Perpetual Motion, work,
once a small impressed force has caused the commencement of movement, to perpetuate the said movement and cause the rotation to
continue indefinitely. For this concept, my 'principle of excess weight’, these weights are themselves the PM device, the 'essential
constituent parts' which must of necessity continue to exercise their motive force (derived from the PM principle [excess weight])
indefinitely - so long as they keep away from the centre of gravity. To this end they are enclosed in a structure or framework, and
coordinated in such a way that not only are they prevented from attaining their desired equilibrium or ‘point of rest’, but they must for ever
seek it, thereby developing an impressive velocity which is proportional to their mass and to the dimensions of their housing. This velocity
is sufficient for the moving and raising of loads applied to the axis of rotation.� DT190 John Collins/Mike Senior translation 2005

Descending Side
Two witnesses heard weights hitting on the descending side
1. “At every turn of the wheel can be heard the sound of about eight weights, which fall gently on the side towards which the wheel turns.� PM 95 Joseph Fischer letter
2. “One could hear the weights landing on the overbalanced side, as though they were swinging, from which one can assume that the overbalancing was caused by their impact.� - PM 114 – Christian Wolff letter to Schumacher

Different Designs
1. “I have many other machines of various types – some with weights, others without." AP 339
2. “I want to sell just one kind of machine, not all of them. I have many different kinds of machines all running on different principles. They
can be moved by weights, balls, springs, internal gears, internal water, oil, alcohol and wind.� PM 124 Christian Wolff’s letter to
Schumacher included Orffyresus letter [ Bessler wants to sell his most powerful gravity engine version ]
3. “I shall be able to give full satisfaction through the publication of the complete history of the invention, illustrated with many graphic
diagrams showing both the true solution of the P.M, problem realised in a variety of different designs, and also about one hundred
previous ideas which were erroneous.� DT 221

DT Base Portrait Items
● The 3 objects on the table, Vase, Skull and Book, are each tilted 27°, the same angle of the AP wheel white segments
● Vast tilted 27° from vertical
● Skull and book tilted 27° from horizontal
● Servant pull handle is same width of vase top and is exactly above vase top
● Right Hand 1st & 2nd fingers form a “+â€� cross
● Right Hand Index finger points to storkbill on book binder
● Right Hand cuff has 3 buttons, coat has 4 buttons (2 pairs)
● Cuff middle button directly between pull handle and vase top
● Storkbill on book binder has 3 links extended
● Left Hand thumb touching end of book and little finger angle is 27° same as book tilt
● Left Hand is under Overlay portrait pencils (cross-staff) area
● Left Hand thumb and little finger match horiz. pencil (cross-staff)
● Left Hand index finger 60° off table matching overlay portrait left pencil tilted 60° from vertical
● Left Hand middle finger 30° off table matching overlay portrait middle pencil tilted 30° from vertical
● Left Hand third finger 0° off table matching overlay portrait right pencil tilted 0° from vertical
● Vase has round circles at each end for 2 weights
● Tie and collar matches MT13 crescent weight

DT Overlay Portrait Items
Objects on table from left to right
● Globe has curved lines to represent his rotating wheel
● Globe pole tilted 90° to rotate at equator and 90° from meridian
● Globe continent at 11 o’clock does not match Europe but instead looks like a sitting rabbit ready to jump up to right
● Telescope (spyglass) displayed in front to emphasize importance
● Telescope drawn extended so movement is to contract and expand like a helical coil compression spring or a storkbill
● Small pyramid object by globe at 4 o’clock
● Small oddleg divider caliper points at telescope main ring
● Protractor same angle as small oddleg divider
● Large wide t-square ruler with no length marks
● Large straightleg divider caliper
● Long mystery object above divider caliper
● Drafting square
● Small straightleg divider caliper
● Circle curve template tool
● Small t-square ruler with inch marks
● Angle template tool
● Alignment quadrant for 17 ft astronomical quadrant found in inventory
● Four round drafting pencils or astronomy cross staff
● Microscope aimed above 4 pencils/cross staff to exam closely
● Horizontal pencil could be axle of machine
● Three vertical pencils could be 3 cross-bars on axle
● Left vertical pencils are shorter to show tilt on axle
1st Cross-bar right pencil 0° arm at 12 o’clock
2nd Cross-bar middle pencil 30° arm at 1 o’clock
3rd Cross-bar left pencil 60° arm at 2 o’clock
● Three vertical pencils could be 3 mechanisms
1. Prime Mover
2. Secondary Movers
3. Shifting/Trigger mechanism
● Placement of table objects form a storkbill which overlays the base portrait storkbill on book binder
● Squares on table could be 90° bell cranks
● Left Hand oddleg divider points to wheel axle and 3 o’clock and divider center line parallels protractor edge
● Right Hand spectacles is a pair of weights above globe wheel at 12 o’clock and next to firing chamber of shotgun
● Shotgun barrel points to end of divider at 2 o’clock on wheel
● Above spectables pair of lenses is a pair of heavy wood planes
● Clock on organ above microscope is 8:30 with 2 weights
1. 8 impacts heard each turn, 30 minutes is 180°, half a turn
2. 8:30 could be the keel point where the weights must be shifted. Each clock hour is 30° so 8:30 is 15° below horizontal at 9 o’clock
on the ascending side of the wheel. This keel point is for 3 separate crossbars on axle each offset 30° from each other.
● Long thermometer and bulb could be a long lever and weight
● Pipe organ clue to look for organ mechansim on table layout
● Wall circle by hacksaw has 3 eclipses and an overlay arc center at 1 o’clock and swings from 10 o’clock thru center to 2 o’clock
1. Eclipse from 1 o’clock to 7 o’clock is football shaped with well defined double border lines
2. Eclipse from 10 o’clock to 4 o’clock
3. Eclipse from 2 o’clock to 8 o’clock with weight at 2 o’clock

DT Superinposed Portraits Items
● Round top of vase is at 1 o’clock on wheel globe
● Round bottom of vase aligns with round bottom of globe matching MT13 crescent bottom weight
● Round top of skull crosses axle on wheel globe
● Skull is looking at clock face of time 8:30
● Divider touching top of skull and vase right opening
● Top of book touching wheel globe at 3 o’clock
● Storkbill on book binder overlays square and divider drafting tools on table arranged to look like a storkbill

Essence/Form/Material
essence (noun) that which makes something what it is; most important quality
form (noun) configuration of something; structure as apart from color, material, etc.
1. “The main parts are made of the best iron, steel and brass.� AP 297
2. “We must bear an important point. It is impossible to construct any new machine except by using a certain type of material.� DT 214
3. “The motive force, the ability to move itself and drive other objects makes up the FORM of the device .. the essence. Consider the case
of two small metal spheres, one of iron and one of lead. For both of them, their FORM consists in their regular sphericity. But we find that
placed in a furnace, one loses its shape quicker than the other. Therefore the greater or lesser "meltability" of such spheres is not the
result of "sphericalness" - common to both - but of the physical characteristics of the two materials. And it is this "material accident" which is the FORMAL CAUSE of the difference." DT 221
4. "The case is no different from that of a leaden or even waxen sphere. They are both as perfectly deserving of the description "sphere" as is an iron one, despite the fact that the latter [iron] will withstand fire and other attacks better than the two former [lead & wax]. For form gives the essence of the thing." DT 222
5. “A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead.� AP 291
separate (adj.) set apart from the rest; not connected with others; having individual form or function
6. “As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it incessantly exercises universal motion from which the essential
constituent parts of the machine receive power and push. DT 20 Al Bacon (Glenn Rouse)/Ted of Chicago (Andrew Witter)
constituent (adj.) necessary in forming or making up a whole
7. “The form does not involve much, but there is more in it than meets the eye, as will be seen when I pull back the curtain and disclose
the correct principle at the appropriate place.� MT 11

Excess
1. “A constant interchange of rise and fall, of excess and deficient weight, resulting in a living machine. Imagine how a heavy material body,
in defiance of its innate natural tendency to gravitate towards the center of the earth, could be induced to rise once more.� GB 52
2. “As one of them takes up an outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle. Later, they swap places, and so they go on
and on changing places all the time. (This principle [excess weight]) is the one Wagner said he owed to me.� AP 291(Part 1)
3. “It must, simply put, just revolve, without being wound-up, through the principle of 'excess weight', as I describe in Part 1.� AP 348(Part 2)
4. "All the wise ones were looking for the same principle (of 'excess weight') that I have described.� AP 351
5. “Did I not, in Part One, devote more than one line to a discussion of the type of ‘excess impetus’ that people should look for in my
devices? Once more I will extol the virtues of this passage. One pound can cause the raising of more than one pound.� AP 330
6. “My 'principle of excess weight’, these weights are themselves the PM device, the 'essential constituent parts' which must of necessity continue to exercise their motive force so long as they keep away from the centre of gravity.� DT 190
7. “Wagner babbles about "excess weights" being snatched along. But the weights which rest below must, in a flash, be raised upwards,
and it is this that Wagner cannot force himself to accept.� AP 329
8. "I don't want to go into the details here of how suddenly the excess weight is caused to rise. You can't see how true craftsmanship
can rise above innate lowly tendencies (as does a weight above the point of application of a lever)." AP 343

Free Movement/Access Hole
free (adj.) not held, not kept from motion; loose; or restricted; able to move
wander (adj.) to go by an indirect route; to turn aside from a path; to move slowly to a destination
1. “All the inmost parts, and the perpetual-motion structures, retain the power of free movement.� AP 291
2. “Poltergeists wander freely through locked doors.� AP 295
3. “Each weight is separate and free.� MT13 [ defines ‘free movement’: weight on end of bell-crank lever has free 90 degree movement ]
4. “Hanging from the roller [bearing on axle] is a figure having a crescent-shaped weight below and a small wheel, B, above.� MT 13
[ This roller bearing with free movement on axle matches drawings on AP last page, GB pages 47/69 and DT pages 43/131 ]
5. “They who inspected the Draschwitz wheel observed, almost in the middle of the radius on the one side which faced the wall and was
rather dark owing to a lack of incident light, a hand-sized gap formed by the removal of a mere thin board. Mr. Orffyreus said that this
opening was left so that whenever something came undone inside the wheel, he could fix it right away without having to remove the
entire casing. This just cannot be. If something breaks on the other side, which is several ells away and has no such service hole,
how would Herr Orffyreus be able to fix it through this tiny opening?� FE Critique by Christian Wagner 1715
[ The only explanation is the Draschwitz machine had an internal structure with free movement. He could manually rotate the outside
drum covering and move the access hole over the inside structure that needed repair ]
6. “ If something went wrong with my machine, I'd mend it by poking around through a tiny hole, to prevent anyone seeing inside.� AP 288
7. “There's also no trickery going on behind that hole - it's just for inspection purposes.� AP 289

Giving
giving (verb) to make a present of, to hand or pass along; to make (a movement), to perform (a physical act)
1. "If one weight is giving an upward impetus, another one, at the same time, is giving an equal downward one." AP 347
[ note verb is giving, not given ]
2. "The case is no different from that of a leaden or even waxen sphere. They are both as perfectly deserving of the description "sphere"
as is an iron one, despite the fact that the latter [iron] will withstand fire and other attacks better than the two former [lead & wax]. For
form gives the essence of the thing." DT 222

Groups of Three
1. Little Book AP295 has three dog sentences fully describing all parts of the machine in metaphors:
● “The dog creeps out of his kennel just as far as his chain will stretch.â€�
● “He knows how to please by playing with his little toys and knick-knacks.â€�
● “He wags his tail, creeps through the hoop and is rewarded with a pat on his paws by the stiff fops who watch him.â€�
2. Little Book AP295 has three group sentences regarding three parts of the machine:
● “All things belong to one of the three kingdoms ( animal, vegetable or matter) and you have the physical evidence before you.â€�
● “Without such things as sulphur, salt and mercury all things will come to a standstill.â€� (3 things)
● “Saturn, Mars and Jupiter are ready to join in any battle.â€� (3 things)
3. Apologia Poetica last page, 239, has side view of wheel with three 27° white cone segments.
4. Das Triumphirende page 4 base portrait has three objects on the table, a vase, skull and book.
5. Das Triumphirende page 5 overlay portrait has astronomy cross-staff or drafting pencils on table with three vertical units.
6. The DT cross-staff or 3 vertical pencils of different lengths match page 4 left hand 3 middle fingers off table.
7. DT page 152 has two groups of 3 large infinite “∞â€� symbols in the artwork.
8. DT last page artwork has 3 horizontal segments. DT 179
9. GB Errata footnote has 3 squiggle artworks. Each has 3 parallel segments on a perpendicular line. GB 37

Impact Rim
1. “He did not disguise the fact that the mechanism is moved by weights. Several weights, wrapped in his handkerchief, he let us weigh in our hands to estimate their weight. They were judged to be about four pounds each, and their shape was definitely cylindrical. I conclude, not only from this but also from other circumstantial evidence, that the weights are attached to some moveable arms on the periphery of the wheel. During rotation, one can clearly hear the weights hitting against the wooden boards. I was able to observe these boards through a slit. They are slightly warped.� PM 70 Christian Wolff 1715 letter to Leibniz
2. “I suggest that the weights on the wheel’s periphery are attached by rods in such a way that when at rest on the lighter side of the wheel, they can be lifted, but when they start to fall, after the wheel has turned, they deliver a force on impact, acquired during the fall, onto a piece of wood which is fixed to the periphery. In this way, the wheel is put into rotation by the impact of the weights, which can be heard.�
PM 114 Christian Wolff 1722 letter to Schumacher
3. “At every turn of the wheel can be heard the sound of about eight weights, which fall gently on the side towards which the wheel turns.� PM 95 Joseph Fischer letter
4. “The clattering noise is a phenomenon caused directly by the real motive power of the machine, and nothing else. You also wish me to
inform you why the Draschwitz machine did not create a similar noise. The Draschwitz one turned in only one direction, but the
Merseburg one turned both ways. The former [Draschwitz] was provided with felt coverings, the latter was bare." AP 339
5. “Herr Orffyreus supposedly gets to the root of the matter when he asserts that children in the lane play with his perpetual motion or so
called superior force.� - Critique by Christian Wagner translated by Andrew Witter
[ Hoop and Stick toy only 1700 toy requiring a smooth surface such as a street, plaza or lane as you run with it. Other vintage toys like
ball and bat are played in a field to not break windows. This is only toy matching wheel where stick hits rim to move it ]
6. “An anvil receives many blows.� AP 295
7. MT18 - First drawing with impact boards. Wheel rim has 4 impact boards at rim for flexible weight arm to hit.
“This is similar to the previous spring-model, however, the principle is not to be disregarded, for it tells more than shows.� MT18
8. MT36 - Last drawing with impact boards. Only drawing with chain pulleys. Only drawing with weighted hammer lever.
“A and A, show the 2 long, connected and weighted levers, which swing another weighted lever D, from below up to E, by means
of a chain over 2 pulleys at B and B. One may gather much from this one.� MT36 [ has ghost image of duplicate mechanism ]
9. MT138-141 figures C and D of German Hammer Toys with two figures alternating hitting a center anvil.

Impetus
impetus (noun) the force that starts motion in a mass; anything that stimulates activity; driving force or motive; incentive; impulse
1. “The causative principle of the movement, its ponderous impetus." GB 56 [ hoop & stick toy pounding the rim starts motion ]
2. “Did I not, in Part One, devote more than one line to a discussion of the type of ‘excess impetus’ that people should look for in
my devices? Once more I will humbly extol the virtues of this passage to my next worthy reader. Even Wagner will have heard
that one pound can cause the raising of more than one pound.� AP 330
Repeated clue in Part 1 page 192 and Part 2 pages 330 and 348; only clue repeated.
3. “If one weight is giving an upward impetus, another one, at the same time, is giving an equal downward one." AP 347
[ note verb is giving, not given ]

Important Point
1. “A Perpetual Motion mechanism is nothing other than a machine made of material, therefore heavy, substances and parts. We must bear in mind an important point. Namely, that there is one vital, self-evident proviso attached to the extraordinarily simple and clear definition which we have given. For it is impossible to construct any new machine except by using a certain type of material.� DT 214
2. "I also think it’s a good thing to be completely clear about one further point. Many would-be Mobile-makers think that if they can arrange for some of the weights to be a little more distant from the center than the others, then the thing will surely revolve. A few years ago, I learned all about this the hard way. And then the truth of the old proverb came home to be that one has to learn through bitter experience. There's a lot more to matters of mechanics than I've revealed to date.� AP 291

Interchange/Flip-Flop
interchange (verb) to change places with each other, to put (each of two things) in the other’s place, to alternate
1. “I discovered how a man can climb higher on Jacob’s ladder.� AP 258 [ toy: cascade flip/flop transfer of energy ]
[ MT138 figures A and B is same pattern as the ribbon holding Jacob’s Ladder toy blocks together ]
2. “Acrobats and shadow-boxers are as fleet and nimble as the wind.� AP 295 [ acrobats flip positions, boxer hands alternate jab out and in ]
3. “A constant interchange of rise and fall, of excess and deficient weight.� GB 52
4. “The continual interchange of rise and fall in all of its parts.� GB 56
5. “These come in pairs, such that, as one of them takes up an outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle.
Later, they swap places, and so they go on and on changing places all the time.� AP 291
6. "Anyone who wants can go on about the wonderful doings of these weights, alternately gravitating to the centre and climbing back up
again, for I can't put the matter more clearly." AP 291

[rocky]

Little Book Metaphors
Little Book in Apologia Poetica (AP) has text metaphor clues. AP 295 Associated clues are shown with comments
“Let him ponder on the rich pageantry of words which I now cause to shower down upon him!
“The causative principle of the movement, its ponderous impetus.� GB 56
shower (n.) an abundant flow
“At every turn of the wheel can be heard the sound of about eight weights.� PM 95
“In one minute it completed more than 50 revolutions.� GB 55
8 impacts heard each turn x 50+ rpm = 400+ impacts each minute showering down.
“An anvil receives many blows.�
“Children play with heavy clubs. He is rewarded with a pat on his paws.� - AP 295
“Children in the lane play with his perpetual motion or so called superior force.� FE Critique by Wagner translated by Witter
The Hoop and Stick is only 1700 toy requiring a smooth surface such as a street, plaza or lane as you run with it.
Only toy matching wheel where stick hits rim to move it; MT 18 is struck on the rim.
“The principle is not to be disregarded.� MT 18 first of two drawings with impact boards.
“One may gather much from this one.� MT 36 last of two drawings with impact boards. [ has ghost image of duplicate mechanism ]
MT138-141 figures C and D of German Hammer Toys with two figures alternating hitting a center anvil.
“The noise is caused directly by the real motive power of the machine, and nothing else.� AP 339
“The Draschwitz machine did not create a similar noise as it was provided with felt coverings, Merseburg was bare." AP 339
“During rotation, one can clearly hear the weights hitting against the wooden boards.� PM 70 Wolff letter to Leibniz
“I was able to see these boards through a slit. They are slightly warped.� PM 70 Wolff letter to Leibniz
“A driver drives. A runner runs. The seer sees. The buyer buys.�
The first set of two is quick motion. The second set of two is slow motion. Matching noun and verb sets. A quick pair and slow pair.
Each noun is a person; 4 people. There are 4 people in MT 138 figures C&D Hammer Toys shown as a pair of pairs.
“The rain drips down. Snow falls. The shotgun shoots. The bow twangs.�
The first set of two is slow motion. The second set of two is quick motion.
Each noun is a thing. There are 4 hammers in MT 138 figures C&D Toys shown as a pair of pairs.
MT 138-141 figure E is a storkbill. Its handle moves slowly a short distance. Its tongs move quickly a long distance.
MT 113 is third special drawing. Weights move slowly down, around bottom and up. At top they swing quickly on square pulley.
“A great herd�
“A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead.� AP 291
“He had taken an amount of weight out of the wheel which could have filled a considerable box.� FE Christian Wagner
“When they come to be placed together, and are so arranged one against another.� PV 103 of DT 20
“of fat, lazy, plump horses�
plump (adj.) full and rounded in form
“Several weights, wrapped in his handkerchief, he let us weigh. They were judged to be about four pounds each, and their shape
was definitely cylindrical.� PM 70 Christian Wolff letter to Leibniz
“The Inventor took out the weights and permitted one of them to be touched, wrapped in a handkerchief, it felt cylindrical and not
very thick.� PM 114 Christian Wolff letter to Schumacher
“wanders aimlessly.�
wander (v.) to go by an indirect route; to turn aside from a path; to move slowly to a destination
“I discovered how a man can climb/go higher on Jacob’s ladder.� AP 258
"alternately gravitating to the centre and climbing back up again." AP 291
“The flail would rather be with the thresher than the scholar.�
“An anvil receives many blows.� A blacksmith’s tool is a hammer swing quickly.
A thresher’s tool is a flail that is swing quickly to beat out grain from its husk of the farmers crop.
A scholar’s tool is a pen that moves slowly on paper.
“Children play with heavy clubs among the broken columns.�
A club is a heavy weapon that is swing quickly.
A stork bill looks like a broken column. A stork bill (lazy tongs) has cross links that decrease in length; a pantograph has same size.
“The correct application of the stork's bills is not shown.� MT 38
“I can assure the reader that there is more to the stork's bills than is shown.� MT 41
“Acrobats and shadow-boxers are as fleet and nimble as the wind.� [ Acrobats and boxers move quickly, boxer’s fists alternate in and out ]
Acrobats quickly flip upside down then back upright. MT138-141 Tippe Top toy flips upside down then back when spun.
The boxer fists alternate moving out then in. The boxers shadow looks like a poltergeist (a ghost that make noise)
“Poltergeists wander freely through locked doors.�
“The cunning cat slinks silently along and snatches nice juicy mice.�
cunning (adj.) made or done with skill or igenuity
slink (v.) to move in a slow, quiet and stealthy manner
snatches (v.) to grasp or seize suddenly, to quickly grab and remove abruptly
● slinks is to move slowly, snatches is to move quickly
● Cat could be a compression spring; slinks is being slowly compressed, snatch is expanding quickly.

The following three sentences about the dog describe the full machine mechanics:
“The dog creeps out of his kennel just as far as his chain will stretch.�
creeps (v.) to move slowly, stealthily, to come on gradually and almost unnoticed; creeps up
kennel (n.) a place where dogs are kept together
chain (n.) a flexible series of joined links, usually of metal, used to pull to transmit power
stretch (n.) to pull or spread out to full extent; to make tense or tight with effort
● ‘The dog’ – the dog is a metaphor for the Balance Weight(s) IMO
“He knows how to please by playing with his little toys and knick-knacks.�
toy (n.) a plaything for children or pets
knick-knack (n.) a small mechanical device contrivance ingenious planned
● ‘He knows how to please’ - the dog makes his owner smile, the machine spontanously turns making the inventor smile.
● ‘playing with his little toys and knick-kacks’ - the primemover parts
“He wags his tail, creeps through the hoop and is rewarded with a pat on his paws by the stiff fops who watch him.�
stiff (adj.) hard to bend or stretch; hard to move; stretched tight
fops (n.) a vain man preoccupied with his clothes and manners; gain admiration by showy dress or being clever
vain (adj.) excessively proud of one’s own achievements
● ‘wags his tail’ is fast movement like a lever swinging in an arc; a dog wags his tail in a 30-45° arc.
● ‘creeps through the hoop’ – Children in lane hoop and stick toy
● ‘pat on his paws’ – weight hitting anvil
“A great craftsman can 'lightly' cause a heavy weight to fly upwards! " AP 291
pat (n.) a quick, gentle tap, touch or stroke
lightly (adv.) with little weight, pressure, or motion; gently
● ‘the stiff fops who watch him’ – a compression spring is stiff

“A wheel appears - is it really a wheel, for it does not have a normal rim.�
● His first working device had just 1 crossbar; Asa Jackson has 1 crossbar (4 spokes) touching the rim at 4 points.
● “The Draschwitz wheel was made up of 8 spokes and was completely empty near the circumference, as one could see through the
various cracks in the casing made of thin boards, but there was not the slightest trace of a rising and falling weight to be heard or
seen.� FE Critique by Christian Wagner 1716
● “At every turn of the wheel can be heard the sound of about eight weights, which fall gently on the side towards which the wheel turns.â€�
PM 95 Joseph Fischer letter to Jean Desaguliers about Kassel wheel
“It revolves, but without other wheels inside or outside, and without [clock] weights, wind or [clock] springs.�
“Seen sideways or full-face it is as glorious as a peacock’s tail.�
“All things belong to one of the three kingdoms ( animal, vegetable or matter) and you have the physical evidence before you.�
“Without such things as sulphur, salt, and mercury all things will come to a standstill –�
“the qualities of the elements are necessary to keep things going.�
“Saturn, Mars and Jupiter are ready to join in any battle.�
“Even the things we eat do not lose their elemental influence - for it spreads itself through every limb and sinue of our bodies.�
“A crab crawls from side to side. It is sound for it is designed thus.�
● ‘A crab crawls’ – another slow movement clue
● ‘from side to side’ – moves on horizontal side, not vertical side
“Poltergeists wander freely through locked doors.�
The last Little Book riddle clue.
poltergeist (noun) a kind of ghost responsible for mysterious noisy disturbances [prime mover impact noise]
wander (verb) to go by an indirect route; to turn aside from a path; to move slowly to a destination
freely (adverb) to move unimpeded; traveling without power; under no force except that of gravity or inertia
locked (adj.) firmly fastened or secured against opening
door (noun) a movable structure that revolves on an axis or slides in grooves for opening or closing an entrance
“The man who refuses to conclude that my conscience is honourable is not worthy that the door to my art's secrets
should ever be unlocked for him.� AP 302

Long Lever
1. “ If I hadn’t undertaken organ-craft [bell cranks/levers/push-pull rods], I would probably not have achieved the Mobile.� AP 267
2. “How suddenly the ‘excess’ weight is caused to rise (as does a weight above the point of application of a lever)." AP 343
3. MT13 has a long vertical lever used as a trigger mechanism. It is on a roller bearing on the axle. We know that the bi-directional wheels were pushed until a weight was triggered to fall. MT13 is the first of 3 special drawings. Its labels are backwards and turns CCW.
4. MT15 has long levers that go through the axle. I believe this shows the part of the lock/unlock mechanism where when a weight is triggered to drop on the descending side, the movement of the long rod locks a weight in place on the opposite side. MT15 is the second of 3 special drawings.
5. MT18 has long levers that exactly match the hidden levers in the AP drawing. And Bessler’s drawing comment: “The principle is not to be scorned or disregarded, for it tells more than shows.�
6. MT36 has long weighted levers with his comment: “Long, connected and weighted levers. One may gather much from this one.�
MT18 and 36 are the only drawings showing a lever with a pivot point at the axle that swings to hit an anvil at the rim.
7. MT53 has a long horizontal weighted lever and because in moves back and forth in the same path, Bessler calls it a pendulum.

Move Slowly - AP 295 Little Book Quotes
1. “The rain drips down. Snow falls.� [ water dripping and snow falling is slow movement ]
2. “The seer sees. The buyer buys.� [ the seer and buyer look slowly to check details and quality ]
3. “A great herd of fat, lazy, plump horses wanders aimlessly.� [ fat and lazy wanders is move slowly ]
4. “Poltergeists wander freely through locked doors.� [ wander is indirect route slower then direct route ]
5. “The flail would rather be with the thresher than the scholar.� [ scholar hand tool is a pen that moves slowly ]
6. “The cunning cat slinks silently along.� [ slinks is to move slowly ]
7. “The dog creeps out of his kennel just as far as his chain will stretch.� [ creep is move slowly ]
8. “He creeps through the hoop.� [ creep is move slowly ]
9. “A crab crawls from side to side.� [ crawls is moving slowly ]

Move Up Slowly
1. “Through him I discovered how a man can climb higher on Jacob’s ladder [toy: cascade flip/flop transfer of energy], and learn to shun
all superstition [violates laws of physics].� AP pg 258
2. “Anyone who wants can go on about the wonderful doings of these weights, alternately gravitating to the centre and climbing back
up again, for I can't put the matter more clearly." AP 291 [ ‘climbing’ is slow and conflicts with other clues of fast movement ]
climb (verb) to rise or ascend gradually to a higher point

Move Quickly - AP 295 Little Book Quotes
1. “I now cause to shower down upon him!� [ shower is fast moving rain, a drip is slow moving rain ]
2. “An anvil receives many blows.� [ an anvil is hit quickly ]
3. “A driver drives. A runner runs.� [ the driver moves the vehicle quickly and the runner moves quickly ]
4. “The shotgun shoots. The bow twangs.� [ object moves quickly ]
5. “The flail would rather be with the thresher than the scholar.� [ farm hand tool flail is moved quickly ]
6. “Children play with heavy clubs among the broken columns.� [ a club strikes quickly ]
7. “Acrobats and shadow-boxers are as fleet and nimble as the wind.� [ they move quickly, boxer’s hands alternate punches in and out ]
8. “The cunning cat snatches nice juicy mice.� [ snatches is to move quickly ]
9. “He wags his tail� [ a dog moves his tail quickly ]
10. “He is rewarded with a pat on his paws� [ a pat is a quick, gentle tap or touch ]

Move Up Quickly/Trigger
A shotgun and crossbow have a trigger to launch the quick movement. The machine could have a lock/unlock trigger mechansim.
1.a "A great craftsman would be that man who can 'lightly' cause a heavy weight to fly upwards! Who can make a pound weight rise as
4 ounces fall, or 4 pounds rise as 16 ounces fall. If he can sort that out, the motion will perpetuate itself.� AP 291 Collins translation
1.b “He will be called a great craftsman/artist, who can easily/lightly throw a heavy thing high, and if one pound falls a quarter,
it shoots four pounds four quarters high.� AP 291 Steward translation
2. “But the weights which rest below must, in a flash, be raised upwards,� AP 329
3. "I don't want to go into the details here of how suddenly the excess weight is caused to rise." AP 343
4. “This would be very good for running if something was up by D to always lift up the weight with lightning speed." MT13 text
5. “these weights are the essential parts and when they come to be placed together, and are so arranged one against another that they can
never obtain equilibrium which they unceasingly seek in their wonderfully speedy flight,� - Das Triumphirende Dircks PV1

MT Three CCW Drawings
MT has 141 drawings and all wheels rotate clockwise except for three that turn counterclockwise. Bessler did this to draw attention to them for being different. These three drawings have clues for the three perpetual motion structures. Two of the drawings, 13 and 113, have backwards labels. These show parts of the primary and secondary movers. Their numbers are 100 apart and Bessler wrote: “I found the way to make 100 machines. Only after all those did I find the Mobile. (AP300)�

MT 13 – This is the first special CCW drawing with many things drawing attention to it:
● It is a reversed mirror image.
● “This would be very good for running if something was up by D to always lift up the weight with lightning speed." MT13 text
● 1st drawing with a bent A label, a symbol to denote a clue on the page. The part labeled A is a bar structure with free movement that stays vertical while the wheel rotates around it on an inner roller bearing. A heavy crescent bottom weight keeps it upright. This is the only drawing with a roller bearing and it matches the cryptic AP last page drawing of the wheel that shows a roller bearing. It also matches drawings on GB pages 47/69 and DT pages 43/131. It also explains the Draschwitz access hole Wagner reported in his 1715 critique because you could rotate the access hole over a free movement structure to repair it.
● 1st drawing with more than one part labeled.
● 1st drawing where a part (A) is not described in accompanying text and letter A is obscure and hard to see.
● 1st drawing that has labels drawn backwards – text description next to drawing is normal.
● 1st drawing of counterclockwise movement. MT15 and MT113 are only other CCW drawings.
● Only drawing with free movement structure, part A, riding the axle; stays vertical while the wheel rotates around it.
● MT drawings 1-11 and 14-15 have no labels. Between them are the first drawings with labels. This calls attention to them. MT 12 is
the first drawing with a straight A. It marks a part that is used to gradually lift the weights. MT 13 is the first drawing with a bent A.
It marks a part used to quickly lift the weights.
MT 15 – This is the second special CCW drawing and the only mention in any book of the “prime mover�. It has no labels.
● It is a reversed mirror image.
● “This ratchet-wheel derives from the previous model, except that the tensions are somewhat longer and have an additional special
weight at the outer ends. From this drawing alone, however, nothing of the prime mover's source can be seen or deduced although
the figure shows the superior weight." MT15 text
● This is the only mention of term ‘prime mover’ in all of Bessler books and that it is not seen.
● The other drawing on this page, MT16, is CW with first appearance of bent A’s labeling an area instead of a part.
● 1st drawing showing sliding rods with fixed weight pairs; two on each side of axle.
● Only mention of gearless ratchet-wheel.
MT 113 – This is the third special CCW drawing. It has no text description. There are 4 drawings on the page.
● It is the only upside inverted image.
● The other 3 drawings on this page, MT110-112, are normal.
● 113-13=100 matches AP clue: “I made 100 odd machines. Only after all those did I find the Mobile.â€� AP 300, 113 is an odd number.
● 113 digits are 1 weight and 1 weight is a pair and digit 3 another clue about 3 things.
● Only other page with 4 drawing numbers is toy page (138,139,140,141).
● MT113 is rightmost drawing of 4 on its page and it matches rightmost drawing of toy page of chains especially at top.
● The square chain pulleys swing the weight with greater force than a round pulley; there are two sudden 90 degree swings.
● MT113 tall narrow structure matches MT13 pendulum and both vertical structures do not rotate.
● The weights on side C move down slowly. The weights on side D climb up slowly and are placed together, one against another.
● The upper weight at top A flys up quickly swinging gaining force moving from side D to side C where it could impact like MT18.
● MT15 shows the weights connected together, they are close to the axle on right side, far away on left side, quickly rise at top
● Kassel wheel drawing has 2 unusual square pulleys on wheel axle and Archimedes screw matching MT113 pulleys. DT 250

MT Letter ‘A’
Labels in the machine drawings are used to designate parts or areas of the machine. The German alphabet is 24 letters, missing J and U because the ‘I’ and the ‘J’, and the ‘U’ and the ‘V’, are interchangeable. However the letter ‘J’ is used in proper names as in Johann’s case. Old German drawings with labels use a letter A with a bent horizontal to indicate something special on the part or area labeled. Non-special parts are labeled with a letter A with a straight horizontal. Bessler’s mentor, Count Karl of Kassel, Germany, was one of the first German Freemasons. Masonic lodges in old Germany had many Jewish members. The letter A symbol with a bent horizontal was used by Jews and masons in documents/drawings as a hint for special content. Bessler used the bent A in his MT drawings to show a clue on the page. Note that the bent A letter resembles the interlaced compass and square of the symbol of Freemasonary.

Of the 141 printed drawings, only the first 104 have the Drawing Number in the Woodcut engraving. All of these 104 Woodcut engraving numbers have the same font except for 52, 72, 92 and 102 where the 2 looks like a Z.

MT Text Clues
MT 9 “Nothing is to be accomplished with his thing unless one acts out of my connectedness principle.�
MT 13 “Each weight is separate and free .. . something available by D to always lift up the weight with lightning speed.� 1st CCW drawing.
MT 14 “The weights raise up one another ... what to learn from it and how it can be used, will all be treated later.�
MT 15 “This ratchet-wheel ... nothing of the prime mover's source can be seen ... the figure shows the superior weight.� 2nd CCW drawing.
MT 18 “The principle (centrifugal force adds strength to impact) is not to be scorned or disregarded, for it tells more than shows.�
MT 21 “This figure has hanging levers, A, which are internally applied to the cross-bars at B, thus making side C lighter.�

MT 24 “This invention should not to be scorned. It consists of special weighted levers and some hinged iron rods that close between the
levers and can fold inward. There is more to explain about it before you understand its good qualities.�
MT 25 “There is more to it than one supposes; one must study the diagram extensively. This is similar to the previous model except that it is drawn somewhat differently and with longer rods; there is something misleading because the folding rods should not project so far out
but must bend further inward. There is more to this than one might think. Mark my words.�
MT 31 "This is a figure with two reversed long levers A at the ends of which are weights. The levers are connected to the center of the axle
at B by means of a cord which raises the upper levers C C. By means of the cord D the lower levers E are raised toward the axle.
There is more to this invention than the mere drawing."
MT 36 “A and A, show the 2 long, connected and weighted levers swing another weighted lever D, from below up to E, by means of a chain
over 2 pulleys at B and B. The additional drawing shows a distant view of the device. One may gather much from this one.�
MT 38 “The correct application of the stork’s bills is not shown.�
MT 41 “The horizontal application of the stork's bills is always better than the vertical application. I can assure the reader that there is more
to the stork's bills than is shown.�

None Better
1. “What exactly is a Perpetuum Mobile? It must be the true device which many really ingenious minds, using their great talents, have
sought, and yet have never found. Yes, just this very wonder-device, which no one has ever succeeded in finding despite the passage
of many thousands of years, I have, with God’s help, discovered it.� AP 317
2. “My Wheel is the true device, and is indeed, a genuine Perpetuum Mobile. None better will ever be found upon this earth, for without the
principle that I alone possess, there can be no real perpetual motion.� AP 348
3. "It’s well known that countless people throughout all ages have sought the secret of perpetual motion, but no one (part from myself) has
ever found it." AP 351
4. “The true solution of the P.M, problem, now discovered in its most complete possible form by me.� DT 221

Not a Fraud
1. “It ought to be made completely clear to everyone that there is no possibility of anyone being cheated in this matter, so I'll do the decent
thing and not avoid the issue. When all the money - every bit of it - that may be agreed has been paid, all the secrets of its artistry will be
revealed. Nothing will be hidden away "under the bench!" Afterwards the money will be mine and the secret will be the buyer's. If my work
should then turn out to be as my enemies describe it in their ceaseless chatter (ie. its motive power is not inherent; it has to be initially
wound up; etc) - then the buyer can snatch back his money, and have my head chopped off!� AP 301
2. “I will pledge my blood, my life, my head, that my wheel does not require winding up, as Wagner claims it does. It's all very well for him
to chatter on so scornfully, but if he had to wager his head, his writings would become much more protectively cautious, as a safeguard
against him coming off second best! Life's a thorny road, and we'd soon see Wagner's head falling off his shoulders if he entered into
this wager with me.� AP 323
3. “Should my device turn out to be as you enemies of mine say it is, you can chop my head off and carry all your money back home with
you, wherever you come from! But, should the machine prove to be as I have announced it to be, I'll keep my life and your money, and
you can carry my Mobile home!� AP 348
4. “Of course it will pass the test, and I am prepared to lose my head if it’s not the real thing.� PM 119 Schumacher’s report to Peter the Great, Czar of Russia in 1722
5. “His Highness, who has a perfect understanding of mathematics, assured me that the machine is so simple that a carpenter’s boy could
understand and make it after having seen the inside of this wheel, and that he would not risk his name in giving these attestations, if he
did not have knowledge of the machine.� - PM 95 Joseph Fischer letter
6. “The Landgrave being, himself, present during my examination of this machine, I took the liberty to ask him, as he had seen the inside of
it, whether, after being in motion for a certain time, some alteration was made in the component parts; or whether one of these parts
might be suspected of concealing some fraud; on which His Serene Highness assured me to the contrary, and that the machine was
very simple.� - PM 97 Willem ‘sGravesande’s letter
7. “He was given a certificate by the Landgrave stating that there was no fraud within the wheel.� - PM 113 Christian Wolff letter
8. “Furthermore there is the testimony of the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, who is experienced in evaluating mechanical inventions and had
seen the internal mechanism of the wheel and ran it for many weeks in a locked room, keeping the keys himself, having personally
locked and sealed the doors and windows with his own seal. He testified both verbally and in an officially printed certificate that the
movement of the wheel was caused by nothing more than the weights and that it would run continuously unless the internal structure
of the wheel was altered.� - PM 114 Christian Wolff letter
9. “I have been assured that the secret was communicated to His Serene Highness, the Landgrave of Hesse, under an oath of silence, and
he was allowed to examine the internal structure of the wheel. Afterwards, his Serene Highness was quoted as saying to his ministers,
that he believed the machine to be a true perpetual motion machine, and in addition, it was so simple and easy to construct that he was
amazed that no one had managed to invent a similar machine before Herr Orffyreus.� - PM 137 Jean Bernoulli letter
10. “We do not give the supplicant any credence... because We are otherwise persuaded.’ - PM 145 Highness dismissing arrest charge

Pairs
1. “A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead [weights]. These come in pairs, such that, as one of them
takes up an outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle.� AP 291
outer (adj.) relatively far out or far removed [ but not necessarly the rim ]
2. If one weight is giving an upward impetus, another one, at the same time, is giving an equal downward one." AP 347

Parts of the Machine
Text clues by Bessler:
axle many compartments
axle pierced all over with holes
inmost parts - implies outmost parts
main parts - implies subordinate parts
essential parts – the weights
main mechanisms – implies secondary mechanisms
prime mover – implies secondary mover
perpetual-motion structures – more than one structure
upper weight- it exercises motion from which the essential parts receive push

1. “The continual interchange of rise and fall in all of its parts.� GB 56
parts (n.) an essential element or constituent which can be separated, replaced
2. “All the inmost parts, and the perpetual-motion structures, retain the power of free movement.� AP 291
inmost (adj.) located farthest within; most intimate or secret; innermost
The inmost parts are different then the perpetual-motion structures.
There is more than one perpetual-motion structure.
3. “The Draschwitz wheel was made up of 8 spokes and was completely empty near the circumference, as one could see through the
various cracks in the casing made of thin boards, but there was not the slightest trace of a rising and falling weight to be seen.� FE
Critique by Christian Wagner 1716 [ the spokes may have hidden machine parts ]
circumference (n.) the outside boundary line of a circle; outmost part
4. “I have organized everything together in accordance with those structures of the previous machine�. DT 20 Glenn Rouse)/Andrew Witter
5. “I would have to ensure that the main parts are made of the best iron, steel and brass.� AP 297
main (adj.) chief in importance; a primary central unit on which secondary subsidiaries depend
6. “The main mechanisms should remain serviceable for many years.� AP 297
[ plural, more than one main mechanism, adjective main implies there are secondary mechanism(s) ]
7. “My axle has many compartments and is pierced all over with various holes.� AP 326
8. “Consider now a disc or narrow cylinder revolving about its horizontal axis rather in the manner of a grindstone; if you call this a ‘wheel’
then that is also a description of the main part of my machine.� DT 190
9. "The inward structure of the wheel is so arranged that by disposed weights once in rotation they gain force from their own swinging, and
must continue their movement as long as their structure does not lose its position and arrangement. These weights are the essential
parts." - PMV 103 Henry Dirks/Goez and Beauchamp DT translation 1861
10. “As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it incessantly exercises universal motion from which the essential
constituent parts of the machine receive power and push.� DT 20 Al Bacon (Glenn Rouse)/Ted of Chicago (Andrew Witter)
constituent (adj.) necessary in forming or making up a whole; component
11. “These weights are themselves the PM device, the 'essential constituent parts'.� DT190 John Collins/Mike Senior translation 2005
12. “A Perpetual Motion mechanism is nothing other than a machine made of material, therefore heavy, substances and parts.� DT 214
13. “It is impossible to construct any new machine except by using a certain type of material.� DT 214
14. “The Landgrave had seen the inside of it. I asked him whether one of these parts might be suspected of concealing some fraud; on which
His Serene Highness assured me to the contrary, and that the machine was very simple.� PV2 94 ‘sGravesande’s letter to Isaac Newton
MT12 - First drawing with a part labeled, a straight A; the part is used to lift the weights.
MT13 - First drawing with a bent A label, a symbol to denote a clue on the page.

Power
"If I were to place, next to a 12-Ell wheel, one of 6-Ells, then, if I wanted to, I could cause the smaller one to revolve with more force and useful power than the large one. I can make 2, or 3, or even more wheels all revolving on the same axis. Further, I make my machines in such a way that, big or small, I can make the resulting power small or big as I choose. I can get the power to a perfectly calculated degree, multiplied up even as much as fourfold.� AP 340
Drashwitz
1. “Unlike the Gera machine, which could only manage to lift a load of a few pounds, the new machine [Drashwitz] was able to achieve
far more. It could drive several presses of considerable weight, or raise a weight of some 40 lbs or more several yards high and, if the
circumstances of the place had allowed it, could have actually doubled this performance.� GB 55
2. “Orffyreus, has constructed a perpetual motion machine in the village of Draschwitz. The axle has three teeth which are for moving three
wooden stamps similar to those used in pounding mills. The stamps are quite heavy and are lifted and dropped continuously. We
approached the machine and noticed that it was secured by a cord to the rim of the wheel. Upon the cord being released, the machine
began to rotate with great force and noise. To stop the wheel and retie the cords required tremendous effort.� - PM 49
January 1714 - Gottfried Teuber letter to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
3. “It can easily lift weights of sixty to seventy pounds to a considerable height, in a repetitive, equable and continuous movement. This
invention has been displayed to the public by the inventor in the village of Draschwitz.� - PM 56
January 1715 - Acta Eruditorum magazine article by Professor Christian Wolff
Merseburg
4. “It also retained this same speed and regularity of rotation when it was used to lift a chest containing 6 heavy wall-bricks (the total weight
being about 70 lbs).� GB 61
5. “He then attached a rope to the axle – the other end being allowed to hang down out of the window. This far end was attached to a chest
full of bricks - about 70 lb weight in all – and this load was raised and lowered several times by the machine. The most noteworthy detail
regarding this particular experiment was that the wheel, while under this considerable load, continued to rotate at exactly the same rate
as when it was running “empty.� GB 68 Merseburg Second Certificate by Johann Weise, Chief magistrate
6. “It [Merseburg] can lift a weight of sixty pounds, but to achieve this the pulley had to be reduced more than four times, making the lifting
quite slow.� - PM 70 December 19th, 1715 - Christian Wolff letter to Leibniz
Kassel
7. “Orffyreus removed from Merseburg to Kassel to construct his improved machine. He published, in November, 1717, a tract called ‘News
of the curious and wonderful trial of the Orffyrian Wheel’ at the Castle of Weissenstein. It raises a very heavy box full of stones by means
of a pulley; without any visible outward means of effecting the motion.’� PV 98
8. “I give you news of the Perpetual Motion at Kassel. This wheel rotates making twenty-six turns in a minute when the axle works
unrestricted. Having tied a cord to the axle, to turn an Archimedean screw for raising water, the wheel then made twenty turns a minute.�
PM 95 Baron Joseph Fischer letter to Jean Desaguliers

Prime Mover
In engineering, a prime mover is an engine that converts fuel to useful work. In locomotives, the prime mover is the source of power for its propulsion. In a diesel-electric locomotive, prime (primary) mover refers to the diesel engine that rotates the main generator responsible for producing electricity to power the traction motors (secondary mover) that are geared to the driving wheels on the track. The term prime mover is only found once in all of Bessler’s published works in MT drawing 15.

1. “From this drawing alone, nothing of the prime mover's source can be seen or deduced although the figure shows the superior weight.� MT15 also translated by Andrew Witter in an earlier version as “shows the overbalance.�
The prime mover is what we are searching for. This is the most important Bessler clue. Bessler says his machine revolves through the principle of ‘excess weight’ (AP348). He explains his weights work in pairs swapping places from near the axle to away from the axle, thus one side has excess weight meaning the weight on one side of the wheel is greater in value then the weight on the other side. This is the definition of ‘superior weight’. But Bessler points out in MT15 that this is not the prime mover.
2. “As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it incessantly exercises universal motion from which the essential
constituent parts of the machine receive power and push.� DT 20 Rouse/Witter
Bessler writes singular of weight, not weights, refers to it, not they.
3. “Due to the arrest, I hid all the woodcuts that prove the possibility. However, I have left all demonstrations and experiments since it would
be difficult for anybody to see or learn anything about a perpetual motion from them because no illustration by itself contains a description
of the motion; however, taking various illustrations together and combining them, it will be possible to find a movement.� MT 1
He is saying the prime mover appears in one of the drawings.

Principles
“I want to sell just one kind of machine, not all of them. I have many different kinds of machines all running on different principles. They can be moved by weights, balls, springs, internal gears, internal water, oil, alcohol and wind.� PM 124 Christian Wolff’s letter to Schumacher included Orffyresus letter
“Never did I reveal to anyone my device's principles.� AP 289 [ plural, more than one principle, written before Karl shown interior ]
Bessler talks about these principles:
A. Causative principle of the movement
B. Connectness principle
C. Excessive weight principle
D. Mechanical principle
E. Motive principle
F. Preponderance principle
G. Uni and Bi-directional principle
H. Weight pairs swapping places principle
I. Noun Use Principle
A. Causative Principle of the Movement
1. “The causative principle of the movement, its ponderous impetus – the continual interchange of rise and fall in all of its parts, at first slow,
then gradually increasing its tempo to the accompaniment of a likewise increasing noise caused by the movement of its internal weights.�
GB 56
B. Connectness Principle
1. "Nothing is to be accomplished with his thing unless one acts out of my connectedness principle" MT 9
C. Excessive Weight Principle
1. “It must just revolve, without being wound-up, through the principle of 'excess weight', as I describe in Part 1 [pg 291].� AP 348
2. "It’s well known that countless people throughout all ages have sought the secret of perpetual motion, but no one (part from myself) has
ever found it. All the wise ones were looking for the same principle (of excess weight) that I have described." AP 351
3. "For this concept, my 'principle of excess weight’, these weights are themselves the PM device, the 'essential constituent parts' which
must of necessity continue to exercise their motive force so long as they keep away from the centre of gravity.� DT 190
D. Mechanical Principle
1. “For it readily follows from mathematical and mechanical principles that the useful output will be multiplied by an indescribable amount,
not just by increasing the size of the interior working, but by the construction of ever-larger wheels.� GB 64
2. “I thought it might be possible, on mechanical principles, to devise a better machine.� AP 259
3. “Therefore, my machine is the only one now in existence that accords to true physical principles.� AP 247
4. “Give to them and to all people of a practical bent an understanding of Your principle of eternal mechanical motion, and how to apply it in
countless good and useful ways.� DT 204 [ mechanical is not magnets, fluids, or airflow ]
5. “My excavation of, bringing to light of, and refining of, a Mechanical Principle which will be to the benefit of everyone,� DT 211
E. Motive Principle
1. “As further proof of the “innate nature� of the motive principle, the good Orffyreus after removing the Wheel from its original framework,
placed it in another one some distance from the original, and there he caused the device to revolve, just as before, in either direction.
The Wheel’s behaviour in this new location was as before; it very soon acquired the same powerful, even and rapid rotation as it had
previously, driven, as it were, by the same impetus deriving from its “innate natural power� – a momentum it preserved until forcibly
halted.� GB 63
2. “Indeed, it was obvious to us that the motive principle was hidden inside the Wheel itself.� GB 70 (Merseburg certificate)
F. Preponderance Principle
1. “My Wheel is the true device, a genuine Perpetuum Mobile. None better will ever be found upon this earth, for without the principle that
I alone possess, there can be no real perpetual motion. It runs according to “preponderance�, and turns everything else along with it; so
long as its material shall endure, it will revolve of its own accord. On one side it is heavy and full; on the other [side] empty and light, just
as it should be.� AP 348 [ 150 years later, Asa Jackson in Tennessee, USA, built a working wheel ]
G. Uni and Bi-directional Principle
1. “The two machines worked on quite different principles. The Draschwitz one turned in only one direction, but the Merseburg one turned
both ways." AP 339
2. “I have many different kinds of machines all running on different principles.� - PM 122
H. Weight Pairs Swapping Places Principle
1. “A work of this kind of craftsmanship has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead. These come in pairs, such that, as one
of them takes up an outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle. Later, they swap places, and so they go on and
on changing places all the time. (This principle is in fact the one that Wagner said he owed to me)� AP 291
I. Noun Use Principle
1. “For as a grindstone may be called a wheel, so may the principle part of my machine be named.� DT 190 Dirks translation
2. “For no burden or resistance is so great that, other things being equal, the P.M. principle cannot overcome it, since it is capable of having
its effect multiplied indefinitely, and of being used in combination with other devices.� DT 207
3. “The world should see this principle, in itself so simple, and yet at the same time so deeply hidden, of everlasting motion.� DT pg 209
4. “The popular press has reported as to the facts regarding this newly discovered principle.� DT 212
5. “The discovery of this amazing principle, opened the door for me to a land of milk and honey.� DT 221
6. “After a very long quest, the much-desired principle of Perpetual Motion was discovered here in Gera. Based on this principle, an
ingenious and most useful machine has been constructed, which, without any external help from weights, wind, water or clockwork, and
utilising a most wondrous internal P.M. mechanism, is able not only to maintain its own structure in a state of continuous rotatory motion,
but is also capable of driving other machines which require great force to turn them (fountains, mills, etc).� DT 232 [certificate]
7. "The principle is good, but the figure is not yet complete until I delineate it much differently at the appropriate place and indicate the
correct handle-construction." MT 10
8. "There is more in it than meets the eye, as will be seen when I pull back the curtain and disclose the correct principle." MT 11
9. "The principle should not be disdained or entirely disregarded, for it says more than it shows." MT 18 [ centrifigral force adds to impact ]
10. "This is based on the previous principle but instead of oval discs it has stork's bills, but here is not the place to show the correct
application of the stork's bills." MT 38
11. “The principle is good, but the figure as it is will not give any motion until completely different structures bless this marriage.� MT 48
12. “It may be correctly assumed that the wheel is moved by some internal principle.� PM 112 Christian Wolff letter to Blumentrost
13. “The machine that had been sold would not be included in the treatise, because I want to sell just one kind of machine, not all of them.
I have many different kinds of machines all running on different principles.� PM 124 Christian Wolff’s letter to Schumacher

Pulleys/Pulls
1. “If I arrange to have just one cross-bar in my machine, it revolves very slowly, just as if it can hardly turn itself at all, but, on the contrary, when I arrange several bars, pulleys [Züge] and weights, the machine can revolve much faster." AP 340 Collins
several (adj.) more than two but not many; of a small number; few
pulley (n.) a wheel with a grooved rim in which a pulled rope or chain can run to change the direction of the pull and thereby lift a load
Züge (n.) wheel, pulley, pull, tug, tension [ Old German ]
This is a major clue so all translations should be considered. Because AP was written in rhyme, John Collins had Mike Senior do an
interpretive translation of the old German text and chose the word: pulleys. MT113 has a square pulley which imparts sudden quick
movement.
2. “The form does not involve much, but there is more in it than meets the eye, as will be seen when I pull back the curtain and disclose
the correct principle at the appropriate place, as mentioned previously." MT 11
3. "When the weights raise up one another, the cross-tensions are pulled up with their weights at the same time. What to learn from it and
how it can and may be used, will all be treated later." MT 14
4. “This shows how the weights are connected together and how, at the same time, they pull the internal spheres up and around. The
special figure shows how the rim of the wheel has openings for the pullers.� MT 16
5. “Large levers hang from the centre. Pulleys are attached and over these pass cords to the levers’ weights which are pulled. I have
misgivings about many of the intentions in this, and as for the rest I do not yet wish to make my thoughts known.� MT 22
6. “The figure shows 2 long, connected and weighted levers which swing another weighted lever from below up, by means of a chain over 2
pulleys. One may gather much from this one.� MT 36
7. “With this spring the lever can pull other oval springs toward it and extend them away from itself by the same method. These springs
should be considered a question rather than a fact.� MT 37
8. “Instead of oval springs it has stork's bills. At A the stork's bills pull apart, and at B they draw together into C by means of the levers D.
But here the correct application of the stork's bills is not shown.� MT 38
9. “This is a different stork's-bill invention. The weight-levers A pull up figures B and also pull up the weights D by means of the poles E.
The figures correspond in the center at F; thus it becomes light at G and heavy above at the superior weight." MT 40
10. There are 3 drawings with square pulleys: mt113 square pulleys, Kassel whel has square pulley on engraving, MT36 chain pulley

Quantity
1. “A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead.� AP 291
many (adj.) a large number of things
2. “He had taken an amount of weight out of the wheel which could have filled a considerable box.� FE Christian Wagner Critique
considerable (adj.) large in amount

Repeated Clue
1. “A work of this kind of craftsmanship has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead [weights]. These come in pairs, such that,
as one of them takes up an outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle. Later, they swap places, and so they go on and
on changing places all the time. (This principle [excess weight] is in fact the one that Wagner said he owed to me - but I never informed
anyone about the matter.) I would just like to add this friendly little note of caution: A great craftsman would be that man who can 'lightly'
cause a heavy weight to fly upwards! Who can make a pound weight rise as 4 ounces fall, or 4 pounds rise as 16 ounces fall [4:1]. If he
can sort that out, the motion will perpetuate itself. But if he can't, then his hard work shall be all in vain." AP 291 Part 1
2. “Did I not, in Part One [pg 291], devote more than one line to a discussion of the type of ‘excess impetus’ that people should look for in
my devices? Once more I will extol the virtues of this passage. One pound can cause the raising of more than one pound.� AP 330 Part 2
3. “But, fly-wheels are not to be sniffed at! The wheel’s own inner force must come into being without external momentum being applied by
such devices. It must just revolve through the principle of 'excess weight', as I describe in Part 1.� AP 348

Self-Starting
● Uni-directional wheels (Gera, Drashwitz) were self-starting from any 360° position and required restraint when not in use.
● Bi-directional wheels (Merseburgh, Kassel) required gentle push start in either direction.
● It is theorize that the Bi-directional wheels had back-to-back Uni-directional mechanisms because they were twice as wide as the Uni- directional wheels. It is believed a blocking device disabled one side.
1. “I put together the very first device which could spontaneously revolve a little. I saw why the earlier ones had been wrong.� AP 269
2. “Well-known was my little house in Gera, for it was there, in the year 1712 I achieved the discovery of the wondrous device.
On unfastening a bolt, the wheel immediately began to revolve.� AP 270
3. “The Draschwitz machine was secured by a cord to the rim. Upon the cord being released, the machine began to rotate with great force
and noise. To stop the wheel and retie the cords required tremendous effort.� - PM 49 Gottfried Teuber letter
4. “It runs according to “preponderance�, and turns everything else along with it; so long as its material shall endure,
it will revolve of its own accord.� AP 348

Simple
simple (adj.) having few parts; not complicated; easy to understand
1. “The world should see this principle, in itself so simple, and yet at the same time so deeply hidden, of everlasting motion.� DT 209
so (adv.) very or extremely; used as a qualifier before an adjective
2. “The secret was communicated to His Serene Highness, the Landgrave of Hesse, under an oath of silence, and he was allowed to
examine the internal structure of the wheel. Afterwards, his Serene Highness was quoted as saying to his ministers, that he believed
the machine to be a true perpetual motion machine, and in addition, it was so simple and easy to construct that he was amazed that no
one had managed to invent a similar machine before Herr Orffyreus.� - PM 137 Jean Bernoulli letter to Willem ‘sGravesande
3. “His Highness, who has a perfect understanding of mathematics, assured me that the machine is so simple that a carpenter’s boy could
understand and make it after having seen the inside of this wheel, and that he would not risk his name in giving these attestations, if he
did not have knowledge of the machine.� - PM 95 Joseph Fischer letter to Jean Desaguliers
4. “The Landgrave being present during my examination of this machine, I took the liberty to ask him, as he had seen the inside of it,
whether one of these parts might be suspected of concealing some fraud; on which His Highness assured me to the contrary, and that
the machine was very simple.� - PM 97 Willem ‘sGravesande’s letter to Sir Isaac Newton
very (adv.) extremely; exceedingly; used as a qualifier before an adjective
5. “The mechanism is carefully hidden, and is said to be simple.� - PM 56 Christian Wolff magazine article
6. “My invention is not fanciful. I have invented something new from commonplace materials.� AP 286
fanciful (adj.) elaborate, intricate and difficult
7. “After I have gone public, you'll hear the wretches say: “Just look at the thing properly, and you'll see that there isn't much artistry to it�."
AP 309
8. "Even a poor workman could put the thing together without a lot of head-scratching; and get it completed almost before you could notice."
AP 308
9. “Orffyreus’ whole invention consists of an artful arrangement of weights, in such a way that they are lifted when at rest and acquire force during their fall, and in my opinion it is this that he keeps secret. This is also consistent with what Orffyreus says, that anyone could easily understand his invention, as soon as he is allowed to look into the wheel.� PM 114 Christian Wolff 1722 letter to Schumacher
10. “When the oiled cloth was stripped away, said Count Karl, he found himself gazing upon a very simple arrangement of weights and levers.� – Unsubstantiated clue, no source quoted from author Frank Edwards, but the Kassel wheel had a canvas oiled cloth
I believe the mechanical operation of the machine is very simple and the repeating sequence is:
Lock/Unlock, Drop/Swing, Lift, Hold, Rotate.

Size
1. “In 1712, during his stay at Gera he hit upon the genuine Prepondium, and so it was that on the 6th June he set in motion the first model
of his Mobile, two and a half Leipzig elles [ 4.6 feet ] in diameter and four inches in thickness.� GB 55 [ 1 ell = 22.3� ]
2. “Orffyreus moved to Draschwitz. Enlargement became a priority, and in 1713 the fact was achieved. The machine was very nearly 5 elles
[ 9.3 feet ] in height and 6 inches in width. In one minute it completed more than 50 revolutions (almost marking the seconds).� GB 55
The dimensions and speed are important clues. At 50 rpm, centrifugal force would be large on a weight moving inward.
The design must allow for this force. There has to be either a counterweight(s) or this distant traveled is small. The Gera and Draschwitz machines were very thin; 4 and 6 inches wide. Allowing for the external covering structure frame it leaves very little space
for the mechanism. There are nine clues about the design being simple; it would have to be to move so fast in such a narrow area.
3. “He found a place in the Green Court by the sixth gate at Merseberg. It was there that he perfected the machine 6 Leipzig elles [ 11.2 feet ]
high and a foot wide, covered with a green lacquered cladding to prevent people from looking inside.� GB 56
4. “This wheel [ Kassel ] consists of a drum 12 Rhenish feet in diameter, and 18 inches wide.� DT 190

Sounds
1. “The continual interchange of rise and fall in all of its parts, at first slow, then gradually increasing its tempo to the accompaniment of a
likewise increasing noise caused by the movement of its internal weights.� GB 56
2. “Another false rumor had it the Draschwitz wheel rotated because there was a cat as shown by the scratching noise coming from
inside.� AP 272 [ When a weight is pulled over the top pulley it moves in a guide causing a scratching noise ]
3. “He provided the wheel currently standing in Merseburg with a clatter and a rattle to make it difficult to hear clearly the actual motive principle. The internal clatter and rattle do not imply a constant alternation of rising and falling; rather the clatter might depend partly on the turning of the weights in the compartments. Almost no clatter and rattle was to be heard with the Draschwitz wheel; the wheel was
made up of 8 spokes and was completely empty near the circumference, as one could see through the various cracks in the casing made
of thin boards, but there was not the slightest trace of a rising and falling weight to be heard or seen.� FE Critique by Christian Wagner
[ The chain links moving around the chain pulleys will make clatter and rattle sounds ]
4. “He [Wagner] writes that if anyone with mechanical knowledge were to step forward and place his ear to my device, he would easily
unravel its structure. Indeed, he goes babbling on that the clattering inside the machine is there just to prevent anyone from becoming
acquainted with the movement. The clattering was not ‘pro forma’ (just for appearance sake).� AP 326
5. "Wagner says that my machine does not derive its motive force from the noisy weights. He declares that the mechanism that causes all the clattering is not the thing which causes the rotation of my Wheel. The clattering noise you refer to is, I assure you, a phenomenon caused directly by the real motive power of the machine, and nothing else. You also wish me to inform you why the Draschwitz machine did not create a similar noise. The two machines worked on quite different principles. The Draschwitz one turned in only one direction, but the Merseburg one turned both ways. The former [Draschwitz] was provided with felt coverings, the latter was bare." AP 339
6. “Upon the cord being released, the machine began to rotate with great force and noise� - PM 49 Draschwitz Gottfried Teuber letter
7. “The movement was accompanied by quite a loud noise caused by the internal mechanism which lasted until the machine was brought to a forced stop.� - PM 64 Merseburg 1st Test Certificate: signed by 12 distinguished men including Professor Christian Wolff
8. During rotation, one can clearly hear the weights hitting against the wooden boards. I was able to observe these boards through a slit. They are slightly warped. When he put the wheel onto another support and reinstalled the weights in their previous positions, he pushed down on an iron spring that gave a loud noise as it expanded upwards.� - PM 70 Christian Wolff letter to Leibniz
9. “At every turn of the wheel can be heard the sound of about eight weights, which fall gently on the side towards which the wheel turns.�
- PM 95 Kassel Joseph Fischer letter
10. “One could hear the weights landing on the overbalanced side, as though they were swinging, from which one can assume that the overbalancing was caused by their impact.� - PM 114 – Christian Wolff letter to Schumacher
11. “An anvil receives many blows .. The shotgun shoots. The bow twangs.� AP 295
12. Volker Keller (VK) German website - he does not quote source.
During a full/complete revolution of the wheel, 8 impact noises were heard on the side which the wheel turned.
The witnesses regarded it as drop noises. When running the weights generated/produced digging/mining and rumbling noises.
The weights probably ran on curved/swung wood courses/railways/roads.
The weights bumped with the running against wooden walls.
Witnesses alleged that at least some weight trains ran on wood and walls were against.

Speed
1. “The Draschwitz machine revolved with so much velocity that in one minute it completed more than 50 revolutions.� GB 55
2. “Within a minute it had rotated 40 and more times.� GB 68 Merseburg
3. “Over a period of one minute, fifty revolutions were observed.� PM 56 Draschwitz Christian Wolff magazine article
4. “He moved from Gera to Draschwitz, where he finished a machine having a speed of 50 turns in a minute.� PMV 97 magazine article
5. “I observed by my watch that it made the same twenty-six turns a minute as before, when acting freely; and twenty turns when it was
attached to the screw to raise water.� PM 95 Kassel Joseph Fischer letter
6. “When I turned it but gently, it always stood still as soon as I took my hand away. But when I gave it any tolerable degree of velocity, I
was always obliged to stop it again by force; for when I let it go, it acquired in two or three turns its greatest velocity, after which it
revolved at twenty-five or twenty-six times a minute.� PM 97 Kassel Willem ‘sGravesande’s letter

[rocky]

Spring
spring (verb) to move suddenly and rapidly; to quickly move upward from the ground; leap
spring (noun) an elastic device, such as a coil of wire, that regains its original shape after being compressed or extended; stores energy
A spring stores energy and releases it quickly. A weight falling by gravity with a small movement does not move as fast.
The Draswitz machine revolved at 50+ rpm. a weight does not have enough time to fall by gravity to suddenly lift another weight quickly.
A spring would have to be used for this quick movement at high rpm to transit the distant in the required time. Supporting clue:
“It is impossible to construct any new machine except by using a certain type of material.� DT 214 – a steel spring
1. “I constructed air-guns which shot far and accurately, becoming a very good shot.� AP 257
King Henry IV of France in 1600 had a pump-up (pneumatic) airgun which employed a spring to drive a piston.
2. “A single word could have betrayed my wondrous achievement.� AP 280 spring (compression) was word, IMO
3. “I would have to ensure that the main parts are made of the best iron, steel and brass.� AP 297 [ chain on two pulleys ]
4. “We must bear in mind an important point. “It is impossible to construct any new machine except by using a certain type of material.�
DT 214 [ a powerful compression spring must be made of steel ]
5. “When he put the wheel onto another support and reinstalled the weights in their previous positions, he pushed down on an iron spring that gave a loud noise as it expanded upwards.� - PM 70 Christian Wolff letter to Leibniz (Merseburg) 1715
6. “Orffyreus did not attempt to conceal the fact that his machine is set in motion by weights.� The author goes on to “conclude from circumstantial evidence that the weights were pierced in the middle and attached by connecting springs.� - PM 87 Merseburg witness Johann Mencke 1715
7. “A mere turnspit is what he’s [Wagner] talking about. My Mobile is free of all such nonsense. Springs and weights of the kind he describes [clockwork wind up] are not to be found in my machine.� AP 346
“Wherever Bessler talks about springs he deflects and downplays the comment as much as he can without being overly
obvious - he makes it plain that springs were not used as Wagner protests. i.e. wind up springs - but he also does a clever
thing to talk it down - he ties the comment together about springs and weights and says they are not to found in his wheels
in the manner of a turnspit or clock so de-emphasizing springs.
But Bessler never rules them out as unnecessary or ancillary - in fact he sort of makes a deliberate off-handed comment
‘not of the kind he [Wagner] describes’ - while this particular quote doesn't conclusively rule other types of spring uses in
another role and form, it strongly suggests to me that they were a necessary part of his wheels, otherwise he would not
have added the qualifier ‘of the kind he describes’. That would have been unnecessary. There is also the possibility that
springs were part of the weight latching/releasing mechanism and this was what was heard but it seems a violent sound
for just a catch and release operation.� - Fletcher comment, topic: Springs
8. DT Overlay portrait: Round telescope spyglass below globe (wheel) is drawn extended to look like a helical coil spring that compresses then expands quickly. It is in the foreground in a prominent position in front of the wheel to show it’s importance. Bessler’s left hand holds a divider tool that points to the end of the spyglass. When the telescope is collapsed, this is the firing point of the compressed spring and it is directly below the 3 o’clock position on the globe wheel.
9. “All this is being stated now in order to refute those who maintain that the machine is driven by a strong spring or suchlike device such as is employed by watchmakers.) " GB 55
[ A spring stores energy and releases it quickly. A weight falling by gravity does not move as fast. ]
Bessler says here his machine does not use a wind-up spring as in a watch or clock. He does not say there are no springs.
He is careful not to say that the impetus or driving impulse force is from a compression or tension spring. ]
10. AP Little Book quotes:
“The shotgun shoots. The bow twangs.� AP 295 [ an object at rest is moved quickly ]
“the rifle fires, the bow shoots/springs� AP 295 Steward translation
[ Rifling is the helix-shaped pattern in the long barrel of a gun which imparts a spin to a projectile around its long axis; round and long like a helical spring. A bow is a leaf spring. Both types of springs store energy to release quickly. ]
“The cunning cat slinks silently along and snatches nice juicy mice.� AP 295 [ ‘Slinky� is the name of a toy spring ]
. “The dog creeps out of his kennel just as far as his chain will stretch.� AP 295
[ MT138 fig A&B is a suspended link chain. Only a link chain when folded looks like the side of a helical coil spring ]
[ MT138 fig D woodcutter toy. The figures round torsos have spirals like a helical coil spring ]
[ MT138 fig E is a Stork’s Bill toy. The lever cross-arms when folded looks like the side of a helical coil spring ]
. “Children play with heavy clubs among the broken columns.� AP 295
[ Broken columns looks like a retracted Stork’s Bill toy which looks like a helical spring compressed ]
[ The extended Stork’s Bill toy looks like a solid column which looks like an uncompressed spring ]
“He knows how to please by playing with his little toys and knick-knacks.� AP 295
[ MT138 fig D woodcutter toy lower bodies are spirals like a helical coil spring]
“He wags his tail, creeps through the hoop and is rewarded with a pat on his paws by the stiff fops who watch him.� AP 295
[ A compressed spring is stiff. Watching the weight waiting to fire – ‘pat on his paws’. ]
[ Asa Jackson’s wheel has 4 compression springs, 2 on each side ]
“ It spreads itself ... A crab crawls from side to side.� AP 295
[ the coils of a helical spring viewed from the side expanding (spreading) and contracting looks like a crab leg’s walking ]
11. "This is the previous spring-model, and it seems to be good .. the principle should not be disdained or disregarded, for it says more than it shows. I will show more than speak of it at the appropriate place." MT18

Storkbill
A Stork’s Bill toy, also called Lazy Tongs or Student Forceps is a set of tongs made with a series of crossed, jointed bars that can be extended for seizing objects at a distance. Unlike a pantograph or scissors jack, its cross links get smaller from the handle. It extends and retracts with less friction than a pantograph.
1. “The correct application of the stork's bills is not shown.� MT38
2. “I can assure the reader that there is more to the stork's bills than is shown.� MT41
3. The storkbills work in pairs connected by 2 rods through 2 holes in the axle. AP said holes in axle. MT42
4. This has storkbills and cord pulleys. The MT number 47 appears upside down on the dark post at bottom between K labels. A normal ‘47’ is on the dark post below the upside down ‘47’. Unlike other woodcuts this has no large number 47 to identify drawing.
5. “This is simply a demonstration of how one might raise the large lever of the previous model by means of stork's bills.� MT54
This is the last MT drawing with text comment. The last thing he comments on is a storkbill.
6. MT138 figure E is a Storkbill so being on the toy page it has a mechanical movement used in the machine.

Swing
1. “Weights once in rotation they gain force from their own swinging." PMV 103 Dirks
2. “As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it incessantly exercises universal motion from which the essential
constituent parts of the machine receive power and push. These parts are enclosed in a case and are coordinated with one another
so that they not only never again reach an equilibrium (or point of rest) for themselves but incessantly seek with their admirably fast
swing to move and drive on the axis of their vortices loads that are vertically applied from the outside.� DT 20 Glenn Rouse/Andrew Witter
3. “A and A, show the 2 long, connected and weighted levers, which swing another weighted lever D, from below up to E, by means of a
chain over 2 pulleys at B and B. One may gather much from this one.� MT 36
4. “One could hear the weights landing on the overbalanced side, as though they were swinging, from which one can assume that the overbalancing was caused by their impact.� PM 114 – Christian Wolff letter to Schumacher
5. “These weights are the essential parts. Once in rotation they gain force from their own swinging and when they come to be placed
together, and so arranged one against another that they can never obtain equilibrium, one or other of them must apply its weight
vertically to the axis, which in its turn must also move.� PMV 103 Dirks

Toy Page
MT 138,139,140,141 - labels ABCCDDE Toy page with one straight A.
A - Side view of hinged linked chain. It is also the pattern of the ribbon holding the Jacob’s Ladder toy blocks together.
“I discovered how a man can climb higher on Jacob’s ladder and learn to shun all superstition.� AP 258
[ toy: cascade flip/flop transfer of energy; shun: violates laws of science ]
Chain matches MT113 square pulleys and chain.
“The dog creeps out of his kennel just as far as his chain will stretch.� AP295
B - End view of same hinged linked chain. Top link shows it is hinged and moves to sides. The design is found in wood snake toys.
C - Hammer toy with 2 weights alternating hitting anvil. Left weight down. Right weight up.
D - Hammer toy with unusual body spirals like a helical coil spring. Left weight is up. Right weight is down.
E - Stork’s Bill toy, also called Lazy Tongs or Student Forceps. It extends and retracts with less friction than a pantograph.
Unlike a pantograph or scissors jack, its cross links get smaller from the handle so it moves faster with less mass.
There is a 5th toy drawn at the bottom not part of the woodcut. The written comment begins with the number 5.
“5. Children's games in which there is something extraordinary for anyone who knows how to apply them in a different way.�
The 5th toy is a Tippe Top whose heavy bottom flips over to the top when spun then flips back when spin stops.
110,111,112,113 is only other single page with four machine numbers and 113 is inverted.

Upper Weight
1. “As long as the upper weight remains outside the center of gravity, it incessantly exercises universal motion from which the essential
constituent parts of the machine receive power and push. These parts are enclosed in a case and are coordinated with one another
so that they not only never again reach an equilibrium (or point of rest) for themselves but incessantly seek with their admirably fast
swing to move and drive on the axis of their vortices loads that are vertically applied from the outside.� DT 20 Glenn Rouse/Andrew Witter
upper (adj.) in a place above another
incessantly (adj.) never ceasing, continuing or being repeated without stopping or in a way that seems endless
essential (adj.) absolutely necessary; requisite
constituent (adj.) necessary in forming or making up a whole
Note singular speaking of one weight (it, not they) in upper half of wheel gives power and push. He says it is outside the center of gravity but he does not say it rotates the wheel. Instead he say it has motion that gives power and push to other parts of the machine. He then says these parts are arranged so that they, these parts, never obtain equilbrium. To not obtain equilbrium is to be outside the center of gravity. So he has said that there are two things that stay outside the center of gravity: the upper weight outside the case and the parts in a case. He then says the parts have a fast swing to move the axis to rotate the machine.
2. “The figure shows the superior weight.� MT 15
superior (adj.) higher in space; placed higher up; located above; upper
Of the 141 MT drawings, three (13,15,113) are drawn differently (CCW, backwards labels) to draw attention for a special clue.
3. “The upper weights are raised up and outward and by means of other cords the lower weights are raised upward and inward.� MT 34
He says the upper weights move away from the axle towards the rim and the lower weights move towards the axle away from the rim. This matches his clue:
“A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead. These come in pairs, such that, as one of them takes up an outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle. Later, they swap places.� AP 291

Weight
1. “A constant interchange of rise and fall, of excess and deficient weight, resulting, as it were, in a living machine.� GB 52
2. “The continual interchange of rise and fall in all of its parts, then increasing noise caused by the movement of its internal weights.� GB 56
3. “The Inventor did cause the machine to revolve first in one direction, then in the other, by exerting, on the resting machine, the pressure
of two fingers. This pressure was applied until the moment when a single one of the weights present inside the body of the device began
to fall.� GB 61/DT 239 Merseburg Testimonial Certificate
4. “He then set it in motion. He did this with little difficulty, moving it by hand until a single weight inside it was heard to begin falling; it then
began to rotate of its own accord with such a force that within a minute it had rotated 40 and more times, and could only be stopped by
applying great effort." GB 68/DT 237 Merseburg Certificate by Johann Weise
5. “No weights hang from the axle of my wheel." AP 278
6. “A work of this kind has as its basis of motion many separate pieces of lead. These come in pairs, such that, as one of them takes up an
outer position, the other takes up a position nearer the axle. Later, they swap places, and so they go on changing places.� AP 291
7. “If one weight is giving an upward impetus, another one, at the same time, is giving an equal downward one." AP 347
8. “The wonderful doings of these weights, alternately gravitating to the centre and climbing back up again." AP 291
9. “Many would-be Mobile-makers think that if they can arrange for some of the weights to be a little more distant from the center than the
others, then the thing will surely revolve. I learned about this the hard way that one has to learn through bitter experience.� AP 291
10. “I have many other machines of various types – some with weights, others without." AP 339
11. “I have in mind a great ‘Treatise on Mechanics’ which I plan to publish. In this it will be possible to trace my perpetual motion machine
through all the stages of its development. In the event that my perpetual motion machine was sold before my treatise was published,
my project would still be finished and the treatise published. However, the machine that had been sold would not be included in the
treatise, because I want to sell just one kind of machine, not all of them. I have many different kinds of machines all running on different
principles. They can be moved by weights, balls, springs, internal gears, internal water, oil, alcohol and wind.� PM 124 Christian Wolff’s
letter to Schumacher included Orffyreus letter
12. “If I arrange to have just one cross-bar in my machine, it revolves very slowly, but when I arrange several bars, pulleys/pulls and weights,
the machine can revolve much faster." AP 340
13. “It must, simply put, just revolve, without being wound-up, through the principle of 'excess weight'.� AP 348
14. “All the wise ones were looking for the same principle (of excess weight) that I have described. They sought to bring a wheel into a state
of motion, such that, without the need for winding, its innate virtue would keep it revolving as long as its materials might last." AP 351
15. “A great craftsman can 'lightly' cause a heavy weight to fly upwards! Who can make a pound weight rise as 4 ounces fall, or 4 pounds
rise as 16 ounces fall. If he can sort that out, the motion will perpetuate itself. If not, then his hard work shall be all in vain." AP 291
16. “Even Wagner will have heard that one pound can cause the raising of more than one pound.� AP 330
17. “I don't want to go into the details here of how suddenly the ‘excess’ weight is caused to rise.� AP 343
18. “The weights which rest below must, in a flash, be raised upwards.� AP 329
19. “This would be very good for running if something was up by D to always lift up the weight with lightning speed." MT 13
20. “The weights raise up one another. What to learn from it and how it can be used, will all be treated later.� MT 14
21. “Nothing of the prime mover's source can be seen although the figure shows the superior weight." MT 15
22. “Shows how the weights are connected and how they raise the internal spheres at A up and around.� MT 16
23. “This invention should not to be scorned. It consists of weighted levers and hinged iron rods that fold inward.� MT 24
24. “Connected and weighted levers, swing by means of a chain over 2 pulleys. One may gather much from this one.� MT 36
25. “This is a different stork's-bill invention. The weight-levers A pull up figures B and also pull up the weights D by means of the poles E.
The figures correspond in the center at F; thus it becomes light at G and heavy above at the superior weight." MT 40
26. “Orffyreus did not attempt to conceal the fact that his machine is set in motion by weights.� The author goes on to ‘conclude from
circumstantial evidence that the weights were pierced in the middle and attached by connecting springs.’� PM 87 Leipsic magazine
article by Johann Mencke on Merseburg machine
27. “He did not disguise the fact that the mechanism is moved by weights. Several such weights, wrapped in his handkerchief, he let us
weigh in our hands to estimate their weight. They were judged to be about four pounds each, and their shape was definitely cylindrical.
I conclude from other circumstantial evidence that the weights are attached to some moveable or elastic arms on the periphery of the
wheel. During rotation, one can clearly hear the weights hitting against the wooden boards. I was able to observe these boards through
a slit.� PM 70 Christian Wolff letter to Leibniz
28. “At the experiment, before the wheel was set up at another place in different boards, he had taken an amount of weight out of the wheel
which could have filled a considerable box, and in the received testimony he expressly admits that the weights are inside and are driven.�
FE Critique by Christian Wagner 1716
29. “At every turn of the wheel can be heard the sound of about eight weights, which fall gently on the side towards which the wheel turns.�
PM 95 Baron Joseph Fischer letter to Jean Desaguliers about Kassel machine
30. “It would appear to be beyond doubt that Orffyreus’ wheel movement is due to the internal weights which are applied in a special
manner. Before translocating the wheel, the Inventor took out the weights and permitted one of them to be touched, wrapped in a
handkerchief. He did not allow the weight to be touched on the end, but lengthwise, it felt cylindrical and not very thick. One could hear
the weights landing on the overbalanced side, as though they were swinging, from which one can assume that the overbalancing was
caused by their impact. Furthermore there is the testimony of the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, who is experienced in evaluating
mechanical inventions and had seen the internal mechanism of the wheel and ran it for many weeks in a locked room. He testified both
verbally and in an officially printed certificate that the movement of the wheel was caused by nothing more than the weights and that it
would run continuously.
I suggest that the weights on the wheel’s periphery are attached by rods in such a way that when at rest on the lighter side of the wheel,
they can be lifted, but when they start to fall, after the wheel has turned, they deliver a force on impact, acquired during the fall, onto a
piece of wood which is fixed to the periphery. Orffyreus’ whole invention consists of an artful arrangement of weights, in such a way that
they are lifted when at rest and acquire force during their fall, and in my opinion it is this that he keeps secret.� PM 114 Christian Wolff
letter to Johann Daniel Schumacher (Kassel)

Quote Reference
GB – Grundlicher Bericht (Thorough Report), Bessler, Germany 1715, John Collins/translated by Mike Senior 2005
AP – Apologia Poetica (Formal Poetic Defense), Bessler, Germany 1716, John Collins/translated by Mike Senior 2005
DT – Das Triumphirende (The Triumphant Orffryrean Perpetual Motion), Bessler, Germany 1719, J. Collins/Mike Senior 2005
MT – Maschinen Tractate (Treatise on Machines), Bessler, Germany 1722, J. Collins/translated by Andrew Witter, 2005
PM - Perpetual Motion: An Ancient Mystery Solved?, John Collins, England 1999
OD - Oddities; A Book of Unexplained Facts, Gould, London, 1928; Chapter V, Orffyreus' Wheel
PV – Perpetuum Mobile Volume 2, Henry Dirks, England 1861 Vol. 1/1870 Vol. 2
FE - http://www.free-energy.co.uk - John Collins Johann Bessler’s Gravity Wheel site
All John Collins page numbers reference his electronic book version pdf file

-Rocky (Robert)

[murilo]

Rocky!!!...
... oh, my GOSH!!!!
What a job have you done!
Absolutely a part of the future book BesslerWheel!!!
Congratulations, pall!
I'll still need some time...
Thanx very much!
Best regards!
Murilo

[axel]

A great post Rocky. As good as any book on the subject.

[AB Hammer]

Nice post Rocky

[justsomeone]

Rocky has shared with us his work that must have taken many hours to complete. If you have not pushed his greeny yet, what are you waiting for?

[getterdone]

Your right, GOOD JOB Rocky

[Art]

.

For a little more than a month I found myself also at Getterdone's

"Gee - what can I try next " stage.

Then along came Rocky 's Clue list /analysis which I printed out ( all 27 pages ).

I am using it for "light" reading material, and even though I'm still only half way through the list , I am already up and running again : )

Well done Rocky !

[WaltzCee]

Rocky has shared with us his work that must have taken many hours to complete. If you have not pushed his greeny yet, what are you waiting for?

It's been a while since Rocky's logged in. Hope he's doing fine. I agree he did a heck of a job here.

[agor95]

@Rocky

Thank you I really appreciate your contribution.

Regards

[Andyb]

Good stuff, read a bit, there's so much that is relevant, things i have forgotten but still drive me ,really helpfull to have it all on one page cheers Rocky ,the reference to light structures was very interesting and confirmed what i have learned myself, but had never read it so clearly put, there seems to be a bit more info on the crossbar i have not seen before the reference to making a structure lighter but keeping the rigidity, makes sense,

I will read on and see what else in there that galvanizes my approach ,all the best rocky cheers for your efforts,Andyb

[Sam Peppiatt]

Rocky,

Enlightening!! To say the least.

Clue # 5 reads,"alternately gravitating to the center and climbing back up".

Should it be, gravitating away from the center instead of to it? Could the interpenetration be wrong? Sam Peppiatt

[Stewart]

Hi Sam

Clue # 5 reads,"alternately gravitating to the center and climbing back up".

Should it be, gravitating away from the center instead of to it? Could the interpenetration be wrong?

That comes from AP Part I, Chapter XLIII. (43) (page 81)...

.
.
Zur Zeit mag noch ein jedes rahten/ 
Durch was für wunderbahre Thaten 
Diß schwehre nach dem Centro kehrt/ 
Und jenes in die Höhe fährt. &c. 
.
.

Here's my translation of that:

.
.
for the time being may everyone still guess,
through what kind of wonderful actions
this turns/returns heavily towards the centre,
and that shoots/pops up. &c.
.
.

The word 'nach' is used, meaning: to, towards. So definitely not "away from" the centre.

The verb 'kehren' is used, meaning: to turn, to return; to sweep.

The word 'schwehre' (schwere) is used here as an adverb. The noun means: heaviness, weight, gravity etc.

So that line seems to be saying that one thing turns/returns towards the centre under its own weight, and the next line that the other thing shoots/pops up.

The verb used is 'fahren', meaning: to move, to go, to run, to shoot, to pop; to drive, to ride. It generally infers a fast motion, and when used with the phrase 'in die Höhe' (up, upwards, aloft) we get: shoots up, pops up etc.

If you want to see my current draft translation of the whole of chapter 43, then have a look in my forum (you're now a member).

All the best
Stewart

[TGM]

Great post.

I see areas where I think Orffyreus was trying to lead people astray. Clever man.